diff --git a/DEVELOPMENT.md b/DEVELOPMENT.md
index de65925..89f6c20 100644
--- a/DEVELOPMENT.md
+++ b/DEVELOPMENT.md
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ If you need to change the website URL:
 
 #### Step 1: Update Critical Configuration
 - [ ] Update `_config.yml` → `url:` field
-- [ ] Update `robots.txt` → `Sitemap:` line
+- [ ] Verify `robots.txt` → `Sitemap:` line (generated from `{{ site.url }}{{ site.baseurl }}`)
 - [ ] Update or remove `CNAME` file if using custom domain
 
 #### Step 2: Test Locally
diff --git a/robots.txt b/robots.txt
index ee3c1e8..a59c141 100644
--- a/robots.txt
+++ b/robots.txt
@@ -13,18 +13,39 @@ permalink: /robots.txt
 #   - Malicious crawlers may ignore this file
 #   - For GitHub Pages, this provides basic protection
 
-# Allow major search engines with rate limiting
+# Allow major search engines.
+# Note: Googlebot ignores Crawl-delay directives, so we omit it to avoid Search Console warnings.
 User-agent: Googlebot
-Crawl-delay: 10
-Allow: /
+Disallow: /images/
+Disallow: /assets/
+Disallow: /_site/
+Disallow: /bin/
+Disallow: /CNAME
+Disallow: /README.md
+Disallow: /DEVELOPMENT.md
+Disallow: /.htaccess
 
 User-agent: Bingbot
 Crawl-delay: 10
-Allow: /
+Disallow: /images/
+Disallow: /assets/
+Disallow: /_site/
+Disallow: /bin/
+Disallow: /CNAME
+Disallow: /README.md
+Disallow: /DEVELOPMENT.md
+Disallow: /.htaccess
 
 User-agent: Slurp
 Crawl-delay: 10
-Allow: /
+Disallow: /images/
+Disallow: /assets/
+Disallow: /_site/
+Disallow: /bin/
+Disallow: /CNAME
+Disallow: /README.md
+Disallow: /DEVELOPMENT.md
+Disallow: /.htaccess
 
 # Block aggressive/problematic crawlers
 User-agent: MJ12bot
@@ -64,18 +85,14 @@ Crawl-delay: 10
 Disallow: /images/
 Disallow: /assets/
 Disallow: /_site/
+Disallow: /bin/
+Disallow: /CNAME
+Disallow: /README.md
+Disallow: /DEVELOPMENT.md
+Disallow: /.htaccess
 
-# Allow access to main pages
-Allow: /$
-Allow: /allnews
-Allow: /allnews.html
-Allow: /team
-Allow: /publications
-Allow: /contact
-Allow: /funding
-Allow: /gallery
-Allow: /openings
-Allow: /sitemap.xml
+# Allow access to main pages (everything else is allowed by default)
+Allow: /
 
 # Sitemap location (helps good crawlers index efficiently)
 Sitemap: {{ site.url }}{{ site.baseurl }}/sitemap.xml
diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml
index 84a0624..830fd66 100644
--- a/sitemap.xml
+++ b/sitemap.xml
@@ -4,25 +4,17 @@ permalink: /sitemap.xml
 ---
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
-  {% for page in site.pages %}
-    {% if page.url == nil %}
-      {% continue %}
-    {% endif %}
-
-    {% if page.exclude_from_sitemap == true %}
-      {% continue %}
-    {% endif %}
-
-    {% if page.url == "/404.html" or page.url == "/sitemap.xml" or page.url == "/robots.txt" %}
-      {% continue %}
-    {% endif %}
-
-    {% if page.url contains ".css" or page.url contains ".js" or page.url contains ".xml" or page.url contains ".txt" %}
-      {% continue %}
-    {% endif %}
+  {% assign pages_list = site.pages | where_exp: "p", "p.url != nil" %}
+  {% for page in pages_list %}
+    {% if page.exclude_from_sitemap == true %}{% continue %}{% endif %}
+    {% if page.url == "/404.html" or page.url == "/sitemap.xml" or page.url == "/robots.txt" %}{% continue %}{% endif %}
+    {% if page.url contains ".css" or page.url contains ".js" or page.url contains ".xml" or page.url contains ".txt" %}{% continue %}{% endif %}
 
     <url>
       <loc>{{ site.url }}{{ site.baseurl }}{{ page.url | replace: "index.html", "" }}</loc>
+      {% if page.last_modified_at %}
+      <lastmod>{{ page.last_modified_at | date_to_xmlschema }}</lastmod>
+      {% endif %}
     </url>
   {% endfor %}
 </urlset>