diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index c689801..5571320 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -398,6 +398,11 @@ jobs:
       dotnet_8_version: ${{ steps.versions.outputs.dotnet_8_version }}
       dotnet_9_version: ${{ steps.versions.outputs.dotnet_9_version }}
       dotnet_10_version: ${{ steps.versions.outputs.dotnet_10_version }}
+      golang_version: ${{ steps.versions.outputs.golang_version }}
+      maven_version: ${{ steps.versions.outputs.maven_version }}
+      gradle_version: ${{ steps.versions.outputs.gradle_version }}
+      jdtls_url: ${{ steps.versions.outputs.jdtls_url }}
+      plantuml_url: ${{ steps.versions.outputs.plantuml_url }}
     steps:
       - name: Set lowercase repository name
         id: repo
@@ -424,6 +429,26 @@ jobs:
           CSHARP_LS_VERSION=$(curl -s https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer/csharp-ls/index.json | jq -r '.versions[-1]')
           echo "csharp_ls_version=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
+          # Toolchains pinned per-build so the resolved version is the layer cache
+          # key: passing it as a build-arg busts the image cache when it changes.
+          # The snippets resolve these themselves when the arg is empty (local dev
+          # builds), but CI must resolve here or the registry layer cache freezes
+          # the version. Go strips the "go" prefix; the snippet re-adds it.
+          GOLANG_VERSION=$(curl -fsSL 'https://go.dev/VERSION?m=text' | head -1)
+          echo "golang_version=${GOLANG_VERSION#go}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+          MAVEN_VERSION=$(curl -fsSL https://dlcdn.apache.org/maven/maven-3/ | grep -oE '3\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+/' | tr -d / | sort -uV | tail -1)
+          echo "maven_version=$MAVEN_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+          GRADLE_VERSION=$(curl -fsSL https://services.gradle.org/versions/current | jq -r '.version')
+          echo "gradle_version=$GRADLE_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+          JDTLS_FILE=$(curl -fsSL https://download.eclipse.org/jdtls/snapshots/latest.txt)
+          echo "jdtls_url=https://download.eclipse.org/jdtls/snapshots/${JDTLS_FILE}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+          PLANTUML_TAG=$(curl -fsSL https://api.github.com/repos/plantuml/plantuml/releases/latest | jq -r '.tag_name')
+          echo "plantuml_url=https://github.com/plantuml/plantuml/releases/download/${PLANTUML_TAG}/plantuml-${PLANTUML_TAG#v}.jar" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
   # Build all container images in parallel (each builds independently from node:20-slim)
   build-images:
     name: Build ${{ matrix.image }}
@@ -438,37 +463,71 @@ jobs:
             tags_extra: |
               ghcr.io/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.repo_name }}:latest
               ghcr.io/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.repo_name }}:copilot-latest
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
           - image: rust
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.rust
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
           - image: golang
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.golang
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              GOLANG_VERSION=$GOLANG_VERSION
           - image: playwright
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.playwright
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION\nPLAYWRIGHT_VERSION=$PLAYWRIGHT_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              PLAYWRIGHT_VERSION=$PLAYWRIGHT_VERSION
           - image: dotnet-8
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.dotnet-8
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_8_VERSION=$DOTNET_8_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_8_VERSION=$DOTNET_8_VERSION
           - image: dotnet-9
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.dotnet-9
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_9_VERSION=$DOTNET_9_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_9_VERSION=$DOTNET_9_VERSION
           - image: dotnet-10
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.dotnet-10
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_10_VERSION=$DOTNET_10_VERSION\nCSHARP_LS_VERSION=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_10_VERSION=$DOTNET_10_VERSION
+              CSHARP_LS_VERSION=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION
           - image: dotnet
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.dotnet
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_8_VERSION=$DOTNET_8_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_9_VERSION=$DOTNET_9_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_10_VERSION=$DOTNET_10_VERSION\nCSHARP_LS_VERSION=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_8_VERSION=$DOTNET_8_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_9_VERSION=$DOTNET_9_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_10_VERSION=$DOTNET_10_VERSION
+              CSHARP_LS_VERSION=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION
           - image: dotnet-playwright
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.dotnet-playwright
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_8_VERSION=$DOTNET_8_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_9_VERSION=$DOTNET_9_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_10_VERSION=$DOTNET_10_VERSION\nPLAYWRIGHT_VERSION=$PLAYWRIGHT_VERSION\nCSHARP_LS_VERSION=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_8_VERSION=$DOTNET_8_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_9_VERSION=$DOTNET_9_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_10_VERSION=$DOTNET_10_VERSION
+              PLAYWRIGHT_VERSION=$PLAYWRIGHT_VERSION
+              CSHARP_LS_VERSION=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION
           - image: dotnet-rust
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.dotnet-rust
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_8_VERSION=$DOTNET_8_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_9_VERSION=$DOTNET_9_VERSION\nDOTNET_SDK_10_VERSION=$DOTNET_10_VERSION\nCSHARP_LS_VERSION=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_8_VERSION=$DOTNET_8_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_9_VERSION=$DOTNET_9_VERSION
+              DOTNET_SDK_10_VERSION=$DOTNET_10_VERSION
+              CSHARP_LS_VERSION=$CSHARP_LS_VERSION
           - image: java
             dockerfile: ./docker/generated/Dockerfile.java
-            build_args: "COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION"
+            build_args: |
+              COPILOT_VERSION=$COPILOT_VERSION
+              MAVEN_VERSION=$MAVEN_VERSION
+              GRADLE_VERSION=$GRADLE_VERSION
+              JDTLS_URL=$JDTLS_URL
+              PLANTUML_URL=$PLANTUML_URL
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
         uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4
@@ -496,6 +555,11 @@ jobs:
           ARGS="${ARGS//\$DOTNET_9_VERSION/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.dotnet_9_version }}}"
           ARGS="${ARGS//\$DOTNET_10_VERSION/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.dotnet_10_version }}}"
           ARGS="${ARGS//\$CSHARP_LS_VERSION/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.csharp_ls_version }}}"
+          ARGS="${ARGS//\$GOLANG_VERSION/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.golang_version }}}"
+          ARGS="${ARGS//\$MAVEN_VERSION/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.maven_version }}}"
+          ARGS="${ARGS//\$GRADLE_VERSION/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.gradle_version }}}"
+          ARGS="${ARGS//\$JDTLS_URL/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.jdtls_url }}}"
+          ARGS="${ARGS//\$PLANTUML_URL/${{ needs.prepare-versions.outputs.plantuml_url }}}"
           echo "build_args<<EOF" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo -e "$ARGS" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo "EOF" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
diff --git a/docker/generated/Dockerfile.golang b/docker/generated/Dockerfile.golang
index 81c885f..4949beb 100644
--- a/docker/generated/Dockerfile.golang
+++ b/docker/generated/Dockerfile.golang
@@ -76,12 +76,17 @@ RUN ARCH=$(dpkg --print-architecture) \
 # --- snippet: golang ---
 # Install Go
 # Using official Go installation method
-ENV GOLANG_VERSION=1.26.3
 ENV GOPATH=/usr/local/go-workspace
 ENV PATH="/usr/local/go/bin:${GOPATH}/bin:${PATH}"
 
-# Install Go from official tarball
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://go.dev/dl/go${GOLANG_VERSION}.linux-$(dpkg --print-architecture).tar.gz" -o go.tar.gz \
+# Resolve the latest stable Go at image-build time (go.dev/VERSION returns the
+# current release, e.g. "go1.26.4"). Strip any leading "go" and re-prepend it so
+# GOLANG_VERSION can be pinned as either "1.26.3" or "go1.26.3".
+ARG GOLANG_VERSION
+RUN ver="${GOLANG_VERSION:-$(curl -fsSL 'https://go.dev/VERSION?m=text' | head -1)}" \
+  && test -n "$ver" \
+  && ver="${ver#go}" \
+  && curl -fsSL "https://go.dev/dl/go${ver}.linux-$(dpkg --print-architecture).tar.gz" -o go.tar.gz \
   && tar -C /usr/local -xzf go.tar.gz \
   && rm go.tar.gz
 
diff --git a/docker/generated/Dockerfile.java b/docker/generated/Dockerfile.java
index 5a39ca2..449304f 100644
--- a/docker/generated/Dockerfile.java
+++ b/docker/generated/Dockerfile.java
@@ -89,23 +89,33 @@
 ENV JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/temurin-25-jdk
 ENV PATH="${JAVA_HOME}/bin:${PATH}"
 
-# Install Maven
-ARG MAVEN_VERSION=3.9.9
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://archive.apache.org/dist/maven/maven-3/${MAVEN_VERSION}/binaries/apache-maven-${MAVEN_VERSION}-bin.tar.gz" -o maven.tar.gz \
+# Install Maven. Resolve the latest stable 3.9.x from the dlcdn mirror listing
+# (the maven-metadata <release> tag points at Maven 4 RCs, which we don't want),
+# but download from archive.apache.org, which keeps every historical release —
+# dlcdn prunes old versions, so a pinned older MAVEN_VERSION would 404 there.
+# Set MAVEN_VERSION to pin a specific 3.x release.
+ARG MAVEN_VERSION
+RUN ver="${MAVEN_VERSION:-$(curl -fsSL https://dlcdn.apache.org/maven/maven-3/ | grep -oE '3\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+/' | tr -d / | sort -uV | tail -1)}" \
+  && test -n "$ver" \
+  && curl -fsSL "https://archive.apache.org/dist/maven/maven-3/${ver}/binaries/apache-maven-${ver}-bin.tar.gz" -o maven.tar.gz \
   && tar -C /usr/local -xzf maven.tar.gz \
-  && ln -s /usr/local/apache-maven-${MAVEN_VERSION}/bin/mvn /usr/local/bin/mvn \
+  && ln -s "/usr/local/apache-maven-${ver}/bin/mvn" /usr/local/bin/mvn \
   && rm maven.tar.gz
 
-# Install Gradle
-ARG GRADLE_VERSION=8.12
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-${GRADLE_VERSION}-bin.zip" -o gradle.zip \
+# Install Gradle. Resolve the current release at build time from the Gradle
+# version API. Set GRADLE_VERSION to pin a specific release.
+ARG GRADLE_VERSION
+RUN ver="${GRADLE_VERSION:-$(curl -fsSL https://services.gradle.org/versions/current | grep -oP '"version"\s*:\s*"\K[^"]+')}" \
+  && test -n "$ver" \
+  && curl -fsSL "https://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-${ver}-bin.zip" -o gradle.zip \
   && unzip -d /usr/local gradle.zip \
-  && ln -s /usr/local/gradle-${GRADLE_VERSION}/bin/gradle /usr/local/bin/gradle \
+  && ln -s "/usr/local/gradle-${ver}/bin/gradle" /usr/local/bin/gradle \
   && rm gradle.zip
 
-# Install PlantUML
-ARG PLANTUML_VERSION=1.2025.2
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://github.com/plantuml/plantuml/releases/download/v${PLANTUML_VERSION}/plantuml-${PLANTUML_VERSION}.jar" -o /usr/local/lib/plantuml.jar \
+# Install PlantUML. The GitHub "latest release" exposes a stable unversioned
+# asset URL, and the jar lands at a version-free path. Set PLANTUML_URL to pin.
+ARG PLANTUML_URL=https://github.com/plantuml/plantuml/releases/latest/download/plantuml.jar
+RUN curl -fsSL "${PLANTUML_URL}" -o /usr/local/lib/plantuml.jar \
   && echo '#!/bin/sh\nexec java -jar /usr/local/lib/plantuml.jar "$@"' > /usr/local/bin/plantuml \
   && chmod +x /usr/local/bin/plantuml
 
@@ -133,10 +143,13 @@
 
 # --- snippet: lsp-java ---
 # Install Eclipse JDT Language Server for Java code intelligence
-ARG JDTLS_VERSION=1.43.0
-ARG JDTLS_TIMESTAMP=202412191447
+# Resolve the latest build at image-build time. Eclipse only retains the most
+# recent milestone, so any pinned milestone URL eventually 404s; the snapshots
+# `-latest.tar.gz` symlink always points at the current build. Set JDTLS_URL to
+# a specific versioned tarball to pin.
+ARG JDTLS_URL=https://download.eclipse.org/jdtls/snapshots/jdt-language-server-latest.tar.gz
 RUN mkdir -p /usr/local/share/jdtls \
-  && curl -fsSL "https://download.eclipse.org/jdtls/milestones/${JDTLS_VERSION}/jdt-language-server-${JDTLS_VERSION}-${JDTLS_TIMESTAMP}.tar.gz" -o jdtls.tar.gz \
+  && curl -fsSL "${JDTLS_URL}" -o jdtls.tar.gz \
   && tar -C /usr/local/share/jdtls -xzf jdtls.tar.gz \
   && rm jdtls.tar.gz
 
diff --git a/docker/snippets/golang.Dockerfile b/docker/snippets/golang.Dockerfile
index 0442150..ceb49a8 100644
--- a/docker/snippets/golang.Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/snippets/golang.Dockerfile
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 # Install Go
 # Using official Go installation method
-ENV GOLANG_VERSION=1.26.3
 ENV GOPATH=/usr/local/go-workspace
 ENV PATH="/usr/local/go/bin:${GOPATH}/bin:${PATH}"
 
-# Install Go from official tarball
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://go.dev/dl/go${GOLANG_VERSION}.linux-$(dpkg --print-architecture).tar.gz" -o go.tar.gz \
+# Resolve the latest stable Go at image-build time (go.dev/VERSION returns the
+# current release, e.g. "go1.26.4"). Strip any leading "go" and re-prepend it so
+# GOLANG_VERSION can be pinned as either "1.26.3" or "go1.26.3".
+ARG GOLANG_VERSION
+RUN ver="${GOLANG_VERSION:-$(curl -fsSL 'https://go.dev/VERSION?m=text' | head -1)}" \
+  && test -n "$ver" \
+  && ver="${ver#go}" \
+  && curl -fsSL "https://go.dev/dl/go${ver}.linux-$(dpkg --print-architecture).tar.gz" -o go.tar.gz \
   && tar -C /usr/local -xzf go.tar.gz \
   && rm go.tar.gz
 
diff --git a/docker/snippets/java.Dockerfile b/docker/snippets/java.Dockerfile
index ae8e0da..159b72c 100644
--- a/docker/snippets/java.Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/snippets/java.Dockerfile
@@ -13,23 +13,33 @@ RUN ln -s /usr/lib/jvm/temurin-25-jdk-$(dpkg --print-architecture) /usr/lib/jvm/
 ENV JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/temurin-25-jdk
 ENV PATH="${JAVA_HOME}/bin:${PATH}"
 
-# Install Maven
-ARG MAVEN_VERSION=3.9.9
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://archive.apache.org/dist/maven/maven-3/${MAVEN_VERSION}/binaries/apache-maven-${MAVEN_VERSION}-bin.tar.gz" -o maven.tar.gz \
+# Install Maven. Resolve the latest stable 3.9.x from the dlcdn mirror listing
+# (the maven-metadata <release> tag points at Maven 4 RCs, which we don't want),
+# but download from archive.apache.org, which keeps every historical release —
+# dlcdn prunes old versions, so a pinned older MAVEN_VERSION would 404 there.
+# Set MAVEN_VERSION to pin a specific 3.x release.
+ARG MAVEN_VERSION
+RUN ver="${MAVEN_VERSION:-$(curl -fsSL https://dlcdn.apache.org/maven/maven-3/ | grep -oE '3\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+/' | tr -d / | sort -uV | tail -1)}" \
+  && test -n "$ver" \
+  && curl -fsSL "https://archive.apache.org/dist/maven/maven-3/${ver}/binaries/apache-maven-${ver}-bin.tar.gz" -o maven.tar.gz \
   && tar -C /usr/local -xzf maven.tar.gz \
-  && ln -s /usr/local/apache-maven-${MAVEN_VERSION}/bin/mvn /usr/local/bin/mvn \
+  && ln -s "/usr/local/apache-maven-${ver}/bin/mvn" /usr/local/bin/mvn \
   && rm maven.tar.gz
 
-# Install Gradle
-ARG GRADLE_VERSION=8.12
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-${GRADLE_VERSION}-bin.zip" -o gradle.zip \
+# Install Gradle. Resolve the current release at build time from the Gradle
+# version API. Set GRADLE_VERSION to pin a specific release.
+ARG GRADLE_VERSION
+RUN ver="${GRADLE_VERSION:-$(curl -fsSL https://services.gradle.org/versions/current | grep -oP '"version"\s*:\s*"\K[^"]+')}" \
+  && test -n "$ver" \
+  && curl -fsSL "https://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-${ver}-bin.zip" -o gradle.zip \
   && unzip -d /usr/local gradle.zip \
-  && ln -s /usr/local/gradle-${GRADLE_VERSION}/bin/gradle /usr/local/bin/gradle \
+  && ln -s "/usr/local/gradle-${ver}/bin/gradle" /usr/local/bin/gradle \
   && rm gradle.zip
 
-# Install PlantUML
-ARG PLANTUML_VERSION=1.2025.2
-RUN curl -fsSL "https://github.com/plantuml/plantuml/releases/download/v${PLANTUML_VERSION}/plantuml-${PLANTUML_VERSION}.jar" -o /usr/local/lib/plantuml.jar \
+# Install PlantUML. The GitHub "latest release" exposes a stable unversioned
+# asset URL, and the jar lands at a version-free path. Set PLANTUML_URL to pin.
+ARG PLANTUML_URL=https://github.com/plantuml/plantuml/releases/latest/download/plantuml.jar
+RUN curl -fsSL "${PLANTUML_URL}" -o /usr/local/lib/plantuml.jar \
   && echo '#!/bin/sh\nexec java -jar /usr/local/lib/plantuml.jar "$@"' > /usr/local/bin/plantuml \
   && chmod +x /usr/local/bin/plantuml
 
diff --git a/docker/snippets/lsp-java.Dockerfile b/docker/snippets/lsp-java.Dockerfile
index 8b1f08a..386e671 100644
--- a/docker/snippets/lsp-java.Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/snippets/lsp-java.Dockerfile
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 # Install Eclipse JDT Language Server for Java code intelligence
-ARG JDTLS_VERSION=1.43.0
-ARG JDTLS_TIMESTAMP=202412191447
+# Resolve the latest build at image-build time. Eclipse only retains the most
+# recent milestone, so any pinned milestone URL eventually 404s; the snapshots
+# `-latest.tar.gz` symlink always points at the current build. Set JDTLS_URL to
+# a specific versioned tarball to pin.
+ARG JDTLS_URL=https://download.eclipse.org/jdtls/snapshots/jdt-language-server-latest.tar.gz
 RUN mkdir -p /usr/local/share/jdtls \
-  && curl -fsSL "https://download.eclipse.org/jdtls/milestones/${JDTLS_VERSION}/jdt-language-server-${JDTLS_VERSION}-${JDTLS_TIMESTAMP}.tar.gz" -o jdtls.tar.gz \
+  && curl -fsSL "${JDTLS_URL}" -o jdtls.tar.gz \
   && tar -C /usr/local/share/jdtls -xzf jdtls.tar.gz \
   && rm jdtls.tar.gz