diff --git a/e2e/README.md b/e2e/README.md
index e304979d..e5f932ec 100644
--- a/e2e/README.md
+++ b/e2e/README.md
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ terminal.
 | ------------------ | ------------------------------- | ------------------ |
 | React Native, iOS  | `platforms/react-native/`       | `pnpm e2e:ios`     |
 | Swift, iOS         | `platforms/swift/`              | `./Scripts/e2e_maestro_ios` |
-| Android (native)   | TBD                             | TBD                |
+| Android (native)   | `platforms/android/`            | `./scripts/e2e_maestro_android` |
 | RN, Android        | `platforms/react-native/`       | `pnpm e2e:android` |
 
 Maestro itself is a system CLI, not an npm dependency. Install once with:
@@ -61,6 +61,31 @@ Maestro itself is a system CLI, not an npm dependency. Install once with:
 curl -fsSL "https://get.maestro.mobile.dev" | bash
 ```
 
+To pin the native Android runner to a specific emulator, set
+`MAESTRO_ANDROID_UDID`:
+
+```
+MAESTRO_ANDROID_UDID=emulator-5556 ./scripts/e2e_maestro_android
+```
+
+If local Android runs fail before `launchApp` with `deviceInfo`,
+`io.grpc.StatusRuntimeException: UNAVAILABLE`, or `tcp:7001 closed`, Maestro
+failed to start its on-device Android driver. The native Android runner retries
+that failure once with a local fallback that installs and starts the driver
+manually, then runs Maestro with `--no-reinstall-driver`.
+
+The fallback auto-detects the Android device when exactly one device is
+connected. If multiple devices are connected, set `MAESTRO_ANDROID_UDID`.
+To force the fallback path manually, run:
+
+```
+MAESTRO_ANDROID_UDID=emulator-5556 MAESTRO_ANDROID_MANUAL_DRIVER=1 ./scripts/e2e_maestro_android
+```
+
+The fallback auto-detects Homebrew formula installs of Maestro. For other
+install layouts, set `MAESTRO_CLIENT_JAR` to the local `maestro-client.jar`.
+Set `MAESTRO_ANDROID_AUTO_DRIVER_FALLBACK=0` to disable the automatic retry.
+
 ## Adding a flow
 
 1. Drop a new `<name>.yaml` under the right folder.
diff --git a/e2e/android/checkout-completion.yaml b/e2e/android/checkout-completion.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3252796f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/android/checkout-completion.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+appId: com.shopify.checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample
+name: Checkout completes
+tags:
+  - android
+  - checkout
+
+# Override these for store-specific product and shipping-address data.
+env:
+  PRODUCT_INDEX: ${PRODUCT_INDEX || "1"}
+  COUNTRY: ${COUNTRY || "United States"}
+  ADDRESS_LINE1: ${ADDRESS_LINE1 || "350 5th Ave"}
+  CITY: ${CITY || "New York"}
+  POSTAL_CODE: ${POSTAL_CODE || "10118"}
+  POSTAL_FIELD: ${POSTAL_FIELD || "ZIP code"}
+---
+# Timeout tiers:
+#   10000  - in-app interactions (taps, animations)
+#   30000  - checkout step transitions (network)
+#   60000  - cold starts, first checkout paint, final confirmation
+
+# Product and cart
+- launchApp:
+    clearState: true
+- extendedWaitUntil:
+    visible:
+      id: products-tab
+    timeout: 60000
+- tapOn:
+    id: products-tab
+- extendedWaitUntil:
+    visible:
+      id: product-0-grid-item
+    timeout: 60000
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      id: product-${PRODUCT_INDEX}-grid-item
+    direction: DOWN
+    timeout: 10000
+    centerElement: true
+- tapOn:
+    id: product-${PRODUCT_INDEX}-grid-item
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      id: add-to-cart-button
+    direction: DOWN
+    timeout: 30000
+    centerElement: true
+- tapOn:
+    id: add-to-cart-button
+    enabled: true
+- waitForAnimationToEnd:
+    timeout: 10000
+- tapOn:
+    id: cart-tab
+- extendedWaitUntil:
+    visible:
+      id: checkout-button
+    timeout: 30000
+- tapOn:
+    id: checkout-button
+    enabled: true
+
+# Contact
+- extendedWaitUntil:
+    visible:
+      text: "^Email( or mobile phone number)?$"
+    timeout: 60000
+- tapOn:
+    text: "^Email( or mobile phone number)?$"
+- inputText: "maestro.e2e@shopify.com"
+- hideKeyboard
+- tapOn:
+    text: "^First name( \\(optional\\))?$"
+- inputText: "Maestro"
+- hideKeyboard
+- tapOn:
+    text: "^Last name$"
+- inputText: "Shopify"
+- hideKeyboard
+
+# Shipping address
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      text: "Country/Region"
+    direction: DOWN
+    timeout: 10000
+- tapOn:
+    text: "Country/Region"
+    index: 1
+- waitForAnimationToEnd:
+    timeout: 3000
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      text: "^${COUNTRY}$"
+    direction: UP
+    timeout: 10000
+    visibilityPercentage: 50
+    centerElement: true
+    optional: true
+- runFlow:
+    when:
+      notVisible: "^${COUNTRY}$"
+    commands:
+      - scrollUntilVisible:
+          element:
+            text: "^${COUNTRY}$"
+          direction: DOWN
+          timeout: 30000
+          visibilityPercentage: 50
+          centerElement: true
+- tapOn:
+    text: "^${COUNTRY}$"
+- waitForAnimationToEnd:
+    timeout: 3000
+
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      text: "Address"
+    direction: DOWN
+    timeout: 10000
+- tapOn:
+    text: "Address"
+    index: -1
+- eraseText: 80
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      text: "^${POSTAL_FIELD}$"
+    direction: DOWN
+    timeout: 10000
+    centerElement: true
+- inputText: "${ADDRESS_LINE1} ${CITY} ${POSTAL_CODE}"
+- extendedWaitUntil:
+    visible: ".*${ADDRESS_LINE1}, ${CITY}.*${POSTAL_CODE}.*${COUNTRY}.*"
+    timeout: 30000
+- waitForAnimationToEnd:
+    timeout: 2000
+- tapOn:
+    text: ".*${ADDRESS_LINE1}, ${CITY}.*${POSTAL_CODE}.*${COUNTRY}.*"
+    index: 0
+    retryTapIfNoChange: true
+- waitForAnimationToEnd:
+    timeout: 5000
+- extendedWaitUntil:
+    visible: "^${POSTAL_CODE}$"
+    timeout: 15000
+- hideKeyboard
+- waitForAnimationToEnd:
+    timeout: 5000
+
+# Payment
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      text: "^Card number$"
+    direction: DOWN
+    timeout: 30000
+    centerElement: true
+- tapOn:
+    text: "^Card number$"
+- inputText: "4242424242424242"
+- hideKeyboard
+- tapOn: "Expiration date (MM / YY)"
+- inputText: "1230"
+- hideKeyboard
+- tapOn:
+    text: "^Security code$"
+- inputText: "123"
+- hideKeyboard
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      text: "^Name on card$"
+    direction: DOWN
+    timeout: 30000
+    centerElement: true
+- scrollUntilVisible:
+    element:
+      text: "^Pay now$"
+    direction: DOWN
+    timeout: 30000
+- extendedWaitUntil:
+    visible: "^Pay now$"
+    timeout: 30000
+- tapOn:
+    text: "^Pay now$"
+    enabled: true
+- extendedWaitUntil:
+    visible: ".*(Thank you|[Oo]rder (is )?confirmed).*"
+    timeout: 60000
diff --git a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/CheckoutKitApp.kt b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/CheckoutKitApp.kt
index 6d002d97..a866e622 100644
--- a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/CheckoutKitApp.kt
+++ b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/CheckoutKitApp.kt
@@ -54,8 +54,11 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.layout.ContentScale
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext
+import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.painterResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
+import androidx.compose.ui.semantics.semantics
+import androidx.compose.ui.semantics.testTagsAsResourceId
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.navigation.compose.rememberNavController
 import com.shopify.checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample.cart.CartViewModel
@@ -98,7 +101,11 @@ fun CheckoutKitAppRoot(
 
     CheckoutKitSampleTheme(darkTheme = useDarkTheme) {
         Surface(
-            modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
+            modifier = Modifier
+                .fillMaxSize()
+                .semantics {
+                    testTagsAsResourceId = true
+                },
         ) {
             val navController = rememberNavController()
             var currentScreen by remember { mutableStateOf<Screen>(Screen.Product) }
@@ -139,9 +146,12 @@ fun CheckoutKitAppRoot(
                             )
                         },
                         actions = {
-                            IconButton(onClick = {
-                                navController.navigate(Screen.Cart.route)
-                            }) {
+                            IconButton(
+                                modifier = Modifier.testTag("cart-tab"),
+                                onClick = {
+                                    navController.navigate(Screen.Cart.route)
+                                }
+                            ) {
                                 BadgedBox(badge = {
                                     if (totalQuantity > 0) {
                                         Badge(
diff --git a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/cart/CartView.kt b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/cart/CartView.kt
index 6c445671..26e44416 100644
--- a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/cart/CartView.kt
+++ b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/cart/CartView.kt
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.RectangleShape
+import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextAlign
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextDecoration
@@ -253,6 +254,7 @@ private fun CheckoutButton(
         modifier = modifier
     ) {
         Button(
+            modifier = Modifier.testTag("checkout-button"),
             shape = RectangleShape,
             onClick = onClick,
         ) {
diff --git a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/common/navigation/BottomAppBarWithNavigation.kt b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/common/navigation/BottomAppBarWithNavigation.kt
index c7902af6..b86f3114 100644
--- a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/common/navigation/BottomAppBarWithNavigation.kt
+++ b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/common/navigation/BottomAppBarWithNavigation.kt
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.vector.ImageVector
+import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.vectorResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.semantics.contentDescription
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ fun BottomAppBarWithNavigation(
                 ImageVector.vectorResource(R.drawable.home),
                 stringResource(id = R.string.navigation_home),
                 currentScreen,
+                "home-tab",
             )
             NavigationItem(
                 navController,
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ fun BottomAppBarWithNavigation(
                 ImageVector.vectorResource(R.drawable.product),
                 stringResource(id = R.string.navigation_shop),
                 currentScreen,
+                "products-tab",
             )
             NavigationItem(
                 navController,
@@ -76,6 +79,7 @@ fun BottomAppBarWithNavigation(
                 ImageVector.vectorResource(R.drawable.profile),
                 stringResource(id = R.string.navigation_log_in),
                 currentScreen,
+                "settings-tab",
             )
         }
     }
@@ -88,6 +92,7 @@ fun NavigationItem(
     icon: ImageVector,
     label: String,
     currentScreen: Screen,
+    testTag: String,
 ) {
     val isActiveScreen = currentScreen == screen
     val color = if (isActiveScreen) {
@@ -99,9 +104,11 @@ fun NavigationItem(
     Column {
         IconButton(
             onClick = { navController.navigate(screen.route) },
-            modifier = Modifier.semantics {
-                this.contentDescription = "$label icon"
-            }
+            modifier = Modifier
+                .testTag(testTag)
+                .semantics {
+                    this.contentDescription = "$label icon"
+                }
         ) {
             Icon(imageVector = icon, contentDescription = label, tint = color)
         }
diff --git a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/products/ProductsView.kt b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/products/ProductsView.kt
index 6de76316..d3d0f8cf 100644
--- a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/products/ProductsView.kt
+++ b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/products/ProductsView.kt
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
 import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
+import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.Dp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ fun ProductsView(
                             Product(
                                 product = product,
                                 imageHeight = if (largeScreen) defaultProductImageHeightLg else defaultProductImageHeight,
+                                testTag = "product-${index}-grid-item",
                                 onProductClick = { productId ->
                                     productsViewModel.productClicked(navController, productId)
                                 }
@@ -135,10 +137,12 @@ fun ProductsView(
 fun Product(
     product: Product,
     imageHeight: Dp,
+    testTag: String,
     onProductClick: (id: ID) -> Unit,
 ) {
     Column(verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(10.dp), modifier = Modifier
         .wrapContentWidth()
+        .testTag(testTag)
         .clickable {
             onProductClick(product.id)
         }) {
diff --git a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/products/product/AddToCartButton.kt b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/products/product/AddToCartButton.kt
index ae70c4b8..b105352b 100644
--- a/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/products/product/AddToCartButton.kt
+++ b/platforms/android/samples/MobileBuyIntegration/app/src/main/java/com/shopify/checkout_kit_mobile_buy_integration_sample/products/product/AddToCartButton.kt
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.RectangleShape
+import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextAlign
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
@@ -50,7 +51,9 @@ fun AddToCartButton(
         horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally,
     ) {
         TextButton(
-            modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
+            modifier = Modifier
+                .fillMaxWidth()
+                .testTag("add-to-cart-button"),
             enabled = !loading,
             onClick = onClick,
             border = BorderStroke(1.dp, MaterialTheme.colorScheme.onBackground),
diff --git a/platforms/android/scripts/e2e_maestro_android b/platforms/android/scripts/e2e_maestro_android
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..37d09656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/platforms/android/scripts/e2e_maestro_android
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "${SCRIPT_DIR}/../../.." && pwd)"
+MANUAL_DRIVER="${MAESTRO_ANDROID_MANUAL_DRIVER:-}"
+AUTO_DRIVER_FALLBACK="${MAESTRO_ANDROID_AUTO_DRIVER_FALLBACK:-1}"
+ANDROID_UDID="${MAESTRO_ANDROID_UDID:-}"
+DRIVER_PID=""
+
+is_truthy() {
+  case "${1:-}" in
+    1 | true | TRUE | yes | YES)
+      return 0
+      ;;
+    *)
+      return 1
+      ;;
+  esac
+}
+
+resolve_udid() {
+  if [[ -n "${ANDROID_UDID}" ]]; then
+    printf "%s\n" "${ANDROID_UDID}"
+    return
+  fi
+
+  local devices
+  local device_count
+
+  devices="$(adb devices | awk 'NR > 1 && $2 == "device" { print $1 }')"
+  device_count="$(printf "%s\n" "${devices}" | sed '/^$/d' | wc -l | tr -d ' ')"
+
+  if [[ "${device_count}" != "1" ]]; then
+    echo "Maestro Android driver fallback requires MAESTRO_ANDROID_UDID when ${device_count} devices are connected." >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  printf "%s\n" "${devices}"
+}
+
+locate_maestro_client_jar() {
+  if [[ -n "${MAESTRO_CLIENT_JAR:-}" ]]; then
+    if [[ -f "${MAESTRO_CLIENT_JAR}" ]]; then
+      printf "%s\n" "${MAESTRO_CLIENT_JAR}"
+      return
+    fi
+
+    echo "MAESTRO_CLIENT_JAR does not point to a file: ${MAESTRO_CLIENT_JAR}" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  if command -v brew >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    local brew_prefix
+    brew_prefix="$(brew --prefix mobile-dev-inc/tap/maestro 2>/dev/null || true)"
+
+    if [[ -n "${brew_prefix}" && -f "${brew_prefix}/libexec/lib/maestro-client.jar" ]]; then
+      printf "%s\n" "${brew_prefix}/libexec/lib/maestro-client.jar"
+      return
+    fi
+  fi
+
+  local jar
+  for jar in \
+    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/maestro/*/libexec/lib/maestro-client.jar \
+    /usr/local/Cellar/maestro/*/libexec/lib/maestro-client.jar; do
+    if [[ -f "${jar}" ]]; then
+      printf "%s\n" "${jar}"
+      return
+    fi
+  done
+
+  cat >&2 <<'EOF'
+Could not locate maestro-client.jar.
+
+Set MAESTRO_CLIENT_JAR to the path for your Maestro installation, then retry.
+EOF
+  exit 1
+}
+
+prepare_driver_apks() {
+  local maestro_client_jar="$1"
+  local apk_dir="${MAESTRO_ANDROID_DRIVER_APK_DIR:-${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/maestro-android-driver}"
+
+  if ! command -v jar >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "Could not find the jar command needed to extract Maestro Android driver APKs." >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  mkdir -p "${apk_dir}"
+
+  if [[ ! -f "${apk_dir}/maestro-app.apk" || ! -f "${apk_dir}/maestro-server.apk" ]]; then
+    (
+      cd "${apk_dir}"
+      jar xf "${maestro_client_jar}" maestro-app.apk maestro-server.apk
+    )
+  fi
+
+  if [[ ! -f "${apk_dir}/maestro-app.apk" || ! -f "${apk_dir}/maestro-server.apk" ]]; then
+    echo "Failed to extract Maestro Android driver APKs from ${maestro_client_jar}." >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  printf "%s\n" "${apk_dir}"
+}
+
+cleanup_manual_driver() {
+  if [[ -n "${ANDROID_UDID}" ]]; then
+    adb -s "${ANDROID_UDID}" shell am force-stop dev.mobile.maestro >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    adb -s "${ANDROID_UDID}" forward --remove tcp:7001 >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  fi
+
+  if [[ -n "${DRIVER_PID}" ]]; then
+    wait "${DRIVER_PID}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  fi
+}
+
+start_manual_driver() {
+  local maestro_client_jar
+  local apk_dir
+  local driver_log
+
+  ANDROID_UDID="$(resolve_udid)"
+  maestro_client_jar="$(locate_maestro_client_jar)"
+  apk_dir="$(prepare_driver_apks "${maestro_client_jar}")"
+  driver_log="${MAESTRO_ANDROID_DRIVER_LOG:-${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/maestro-android-driver-${ANDROID_UDID}.log}"
+
+  trap cleanup_manual_driver EXIT
+
+  adb -s "${ANDROID_UDID}" shell am force-stop dev.mobile.maestro >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  adb -s "${ANDROID_UDID}" forward --remove tcp:7001 >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  adb -s "${ANDROID_UDID}" install -r -g "${apk_dir}/maestro-app.apk"
+  adb -s "${ANDROID_UDID}" install -r -g "${apk_dir}/maestro-server.apk"
+  adb -s "${ANDROID_UDID}" forward tcp:7001 tcp:7001 >/dev/null
+  adb -s "${ANDROID_UDID}" shell am instrument -w dev.mobile.maestro.test/androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner >"${driver_log}" 2>&1 &
+  DRIVER_PID="$!"
+
+  sleep 2
+}
+
+run_maestro() {
+  local use_existing_driver="${1:-}"
+  local args=(--platform android)
+
+  if [[ -n "${ANDROID_UDID}" ]]; then
+    args+=(--udid "${ANDROID_UDID}")
+  fi
+
+  args+=(test)
+
+  if [[ "${use_existing_driver}" == "use-existing-driver" ]]; then
+    args+=(--no-reinstall-driver)
+  fi
+
+  args+=(--config "${REPO_ROOT}/e2e/config.yaml" "${REPO_ROOT}/e2e/android")
+
+  maestro "${args[@]}"
+}
+
+is_driver_bootstrap_failure() {
+  local output_file="$1"
+
+  grep -Eq \
+    'deviceInfo command|Not able to reach the gRPC server|StatusRuntimeException: UNAVAILABLE|tcp:7001\): closed|driver.*did not start|Failed to start.*driver' \
+    "${output_file}"
+}
+
+latest_maestro_log() {
+  /bin/ls -t "${HOME}/.maestro/tests/"*/maestro.log 2>/dev/null | head -n 1 || true
+}
+
+run_maestro_with_fallback() {
+  local output_file
+  local debug_log
+  local driver_failure=""
+  local maestro_status
+
+  output_file="$(mktemp "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/maestro-android-run.XXXXXX.log")"
+
+  set +e
+  run_maestro 2>&1 | tee "${output_file}"
+  maestro_status="${PIPESTATUS[0]}"
+  set -e
+
+  if [[ "${maestro_status}" == "0" ]]; then
+    rm -f "${output_file}"
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  debug_log="$(latest_maestro_log)"
+
+  if ! is_truthy "${AUTO_DRIVER_FALLBACK}"; then
+    rm -f "${output_file}"
+    return "${maestro_status}"
+  fi
+
+  if is_driver_bootstrap_failure "${output_file}"; then
+    driver_failure="1"
+  elif [[ -n "${debug_log}" && -f "${debug_log}" ]] && is_driver_bootstrap_failure "${debug_log}"; then
+    driver_failure="1"
+  fi
+
+  if [[ -z "${driver_failure}" ]]; then
+    rm -f "${output_file}"
+    return "${maestro_status}"
+  fi
+
+  rm -f "${output_file}"
+
+  echo "Maestro Android driver startup failed. Retrying with the local driver fallback..." >&2
+  start_manual_driver
+  run_maestro use-existing-driver
+}
+
+if is_truthy "${MANUAL_DRIVER}"; then
+  start_manual_driver
+  run_maestro use-existing-driver
+else
+  run_maestro_with_fallback
+fi