Merge branch 'master' into add-point-in-polygon

Author: Clear20-22

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -97,9 +97,12 @@
   * [Is Power Of Two](bit_manipulation/is_power_of_two.py)
   * [Largest Pow Of Two Le Num](bit_manipulation/largest_pow_of_two_le_num.py)
   * [Missing Number](bit_manipulation/missing_number.py)
+  * [Next Power Of Two](bit_manipulation/next_power_of_two.py)
   * [Numbers Different Signs](bit_manipulation/numbers_different_signs.py)
+  * [Parity](bit_manipulation/parity.py)
   * [Power Of 4](bit_manipulation/power_of_4.py)
   * [Reverse Bits](bit_manipulation/reverse_bits.py)
+  * [Rotate Bits](bit_manipulation/rotate_bits.py)
   * [Single Bit Manipulation Operations](bit_manipulation/single_bit_manipulation_operations.py)
   * [Swap All Odd And Even Bits](bit_manipulation/swap_all_odd_and_even_bits.py)
 
@@ -519,6 +522,7 @@
 
 ## [Fractals](fractals)
   * [Barnsley Fern](fractals/barnsley_fern.py)
+  * [Hilbert Curve](fractals/hilbert_curve.py)
   * [Julia Sets](fractals/julia_sets.py)
   * [Koch Snowflake](fractals/koch_snowflake.py)
   * [Mandelbrot](fractals/mandelbrot.py)
@@ -545,6 +549,7 @@
   * [Ramer Douglas Peucker](geometry/ramer_douglas_peucker.py)
   * [Rotating Calipers](geometry/rotating_calipers.py)
   * [Segment Intersection](geometry/segment_intersection.py)
+  * [Shoelace](geometry/shoelace.py)
   * Tests
     * [Test Graham Scan](geometry/tests/test_graham_scan.py)
     * [Test Jarvis March](geometry/tests/test_jarvis_march.py)
@@ -690,13 +695,14 @@
   * Forecasting
     * [Run](machine_learning/forecasting/run.py)
   * [Frequent Pattern Growth](machine_learning/frequent_pattern_growth.py)
+  * [Gaussian Mixture Model](machine_learning/gaussian_mixture_model.py)
   * [Gaussian Naive Bayes](machine_learning/gaussian_naive_bayes.py)
   * [Gradient Boosting Classifier](machine_learning/gradient_boosting_classifier.py)
   * [Gradient Boosting Regressor](machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py)
   * [Gradient Descent](machine_learning/gradient_descent.py)
   * [K Means Clust](machine_learning/k_means_clust.py)
   * [K Medoids](machine_learning/k_medoids.py)
-  * [K Nearest Neighbours](machine_learning/k_nearest_neighbours.py)
+  * [K Nearest Neighbors](machine_learning/k_nearest_neighbors.py)
   * [Linear Discriminant Analysis](machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py)
   * [Linear Regression](machine_learning/linear_regression.py)
   * [Linear Regression Vectorized](machine_learning/linear_regression_vectorized.py)
@@ -707,9 +713,11 @@
   * Lstm
     * [Lstm Prediction](machine_learning/lstm/lstm_prediction.py)
   * [Mfcc](machine_learning/mfcc.py)
+  * [Mini Batch Gradient Descent](machine_learning/mini_batch_gradient_descent.py)
   * [Multilayer Perceptron Classifier](machine_learning/multilayer_perceptron_classifier.py)
   * [Polynomial Regression](machine_learning/polynomial_regression.py)
   * [Principle Component Analysis](machine_learning/principle_component_analysis.py)
+  * [Q Learning](machine_learning/q_learning.py)
   * [Random Forest Classifier](machine_learning/random_forest_classifier.py)
   * [Random Forest Regressor](machine_learning/random_forest_regressor.py)
   * [Scoring Functions](machine_learning/scoring_functions.py)
@@ -735,10 +743,12 @@
   * [Bailey Borwein Plouffe](maths/bailey_borwein_plouffe.py)
   * [Base Neg2 Conversion](maths/base_neg2_conversion.py)
   * [Basic Maths](maths/basic_maths.py)
+  * [Bearing](maths/bearing.py)
   * [Binary Exponentiation](maths/binary_exponentiation.py)
   * [Binary Multiplication](maths/binary_multiplication.py)
   * [Binomial Coefficient](maths/binomial_coefficient.py)
   * [Binomial Distribution](maths/binomial_distribution.py)
+  * [Binomial Expansion](maths/binomial_expansion.py)
   * [Ceil](maths/ceil.py)
   * [Chebyshev Distance](maths/chebyshev_distance.py)
   * [Check Polygon](maths/check_polygon.py)
@@ -753,9 +763,11 @@
   * [Decimal To Fraction](maths/decimal_to_fraction.py)
   * [Derangement](maths/derangement.py)
   * [Digital Root](maths/digital_root.py)
+  * [Disarium](maths/disarium.py)
   * [Dodecahedron](maths/dodecahedron.py)
   * [Double Factorial](maths/double_factorial.py)
   * [Dual Number Automatic Differentiation](maths/dual_number_automatic_differentiation.py)
+  * [Ear Clipping Polygon Triangulation](maths/ear_clipping_polygon_triangulation.py)
   * [Entropy](maths/entropy.py)
   * [Euclidean Distance](maths/euclidean_distance.py)
   * [Euler Method](maths/euler_method.py)
@@ -781,6 +793,7 @@
   * [Interquartile Range](maths/interquartile_range.py)
   * [Is Int Palindrome](maths/is_int_palindrome.py)
   * [Is Ip V4 Address Valid](maths/is_ip_v4_address_valid.py)
+  * [Is Ipv6 Address Valid](maths/is_ipv6_address_valid.py)
   * [Is Square Free](maths/is_square_free.py)
   * [Jaccard Similarity](maths/jaccard_similarity.py)
   * [Joint Probability Distribution](maths/joint_probability_distribution.py)
@@ -806,12 +819,15 @@
   * [Modular Exponential](maths/modular_exponential.py)
   * [Monte Carlo](maths/monte_carlo.py)
   * [Monte Carlo Dice](maths/monte_carlo_dice.py)
+  * [Ncr Combinations](maths/ncr_combinations.py)
+  * [Next Prime Number](maths/next_prime_number.py)
   * [Number Of Digits](maths/number_of_digits.py)
   * Numerical Analysis
     * [Adams Bashforth](maths/numerical_analysis/adams_bashforth.py)
     * [Bisection](maths/numerical_analysis/bisection.py)
     * [Bisection 2](maths/numerical_analysis/bisection_2.py)
     * [Brent Method](maths/numerical_analysis/brent_method.py)
+    * [Gauss Seidel Method](maths/numerical_analysis/gauss_seidel_method.py)
     * [Integration By Simpson Approx](maths/numerical_analysis/integration_by_simpson_approx.py)
     * [Intersection](maths/numerical_analysis/intersection.py)
     * [Nevilles Method](maths/numerical_analysis/nevilles_method.py)
@@ -853,6 +869,7 @@
   * [Radix2 Fft](maths/radix2_fft.py)
   * [Recursive Digit Sum](maths/recursive_digit_sum.py)
   * [Remove Digit](maths/remove_digit.py)
+  * [Reverse Factorial Recursive](maths/reverse_factorial_recursive.py)
   * [Segmented Sieve](maths/segmented_sieve.py)
   * Series
     * [Arithmetic](maths/series/arithmetic.py)
@@ -863,6 +880,7 @@
     * [Hexagonal Numbers](maths/series/hexagonal_numbers.py)
     * [Logarithmic Series](maths/series/logarithmic_series.py)
     * [P Series](maths/series/p_series.py)
+  * [Shoelace Area](maths/shoelace_area.py)
   * [Sieve Of Atkin](maths/sieve_of_atkin.py)
   * [Sieve Of Eratosthenes](maths/sieve_of_eratosthenes.py)
   * [Sigmoid](maths/sigmoid.py)
@@ -874,11 +892,14 @@
   * [Solovay Strassen Primality Test](maths/solovay_strassen_primality_test.py)
   * [Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient](maths/spearman_rank_correlation_coefficient.py)
   * Special Numbers
+    * [Abundant Numbers](maths/special_numbers/abundant_numbers.py)
     * [Armstrong Numbers](maths/special_numbers/armstrong_numbers.py)
     * [Automorphic Number](maths/special_numbers/automorphic_number.py)
     * [Bell Numbers](maths/special_numbers/bell_numbers.py)
     * [Carmichael Number](maths/special_numbers/carmichael_number.py)
     * [Catalan Number](maths/special_numbers/catalan_number.py)
+    * [Deficient Numbers](maths/special_numbers/deficient_numbers.py)
+    * [Disarum Number](maths/special_numbers/disarum_number.py)
     * [Hamming Numbers](maths/special_numbers/hamming_numbers.py)
     * [Happy Number](maths/special_numbers/happy_number.py)
     * [Harshad Numbers](maths/special_numbers/harshad_numbers.py)
@@ -891,6 +912,7 @@
     * [Pronic Number](maths/special_numbers/pronic_number.py)
     * [Proth Number](maths/special_numbers/proth_number.py)
     * [Triangular Numbers](maths/special_numbers/triangular_numbers.py)
+    * [Trimorphic Number](maths/special_numbers/trimorphic_number.py)
     * [Ugly Numbers](maths/special_numbers/ugly_numbers.py)
     * [Weird Number](maths/special_numbers/weird_number.py)
   * [Sum Of Arithmetic Series](maths/sum_of_arithmetic_series.py)
@@ -900,6 +922,7 @@
   * [Sumset](maths/sumset.py)
   * [Sylvester Sequence](maths/sylvester_sequence.py)
   * [Tanh](maths/tanh.py)
+  * [Test Abs](maths/test_abs.py)
   * [Test Factorial](maths/test_factorial.py)
   * [Test Prime Check](maths/test_prime_check.py)
   * [Three Sum](maths/three_sum.py)
@@ -1005,21 +1028,28 @@
   * [Altitude Pressure](physics/altitude_pressure.py)
   * [Archimedes Principle Of Buoyant Force](physics/archimedes_principle_of_buoyant_force.py)
   * [Basic Orbital Capture](physics/basic_orbital_capture.py)
+  * [Bragg Angle](physics/bragg_angle.py)
   * [Casimir Effect](physics/casimir_effect.py)
   * [Center Of Mass](physics/center_of_mass.py)
   * [Centripetal Force](physics/centripetal_force.py)
   * [Coulombs Law](physics/coulombs_law.py)
   * [Doppler Frequency](physics/doppler_frequency.py)
   * [Escape Velocity](physics/escape_velocity.py)
+  * [Faraday Lenz Law](physics/faraday_lenz_law.py)
+  * [First Law Of Thermodynamics](physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py)
+  * [Fresnel Diffract](physics/fresnel_diffract.py)
   * [Grahams Law](physics/grahams_law.py)
   * [Hamiltonian](physics/hamiltonian.py)
+  * [Hookes Law](physics/hookes_law.py)
   * [Horizontal Projectile Motion](physics/horizontal_projectile_motion.py)
   * [Hubble Parameter](physics/hubble_parameter.py)
   * [Ideal Gas Law](physics/ideal_gas_law.py)
   * [In Static Equilibrium](physics/in_static_equilibrium.py)
   * [Kinetic Energy](physics/kinetic_energy.py)
   * [Lens Formulae](physics/lens_formulae.py)
+  * [Light Aberration](physics/light_aberration.py)
   * [Lorentz Transformation Four Vector](physics/lorentz_transformation_four_vector.py)
+  * [Magnetic Flux](physics/magnetic_flux.py)
   * [Malus Law](physics/malus_law.py)
   * [Mass Energy Equivalence](physics/mass_energy_equivalence.py)
   * [Maxwells Equations](physics/maxwells_equations.py)
@@ -1032,9 +1062,12 @@
   * [Photoelectric Effect](physics/photoelectric_effect.py)
   * [Potential Energy](physics/potential_energy.py)
   * [Rainfall Intensity](physics/rainfall_intensity.py)
+  * [Relativistic Kinetic Energy](physics/relativistic_kinetic_energy.py)
+  * [Relativistic Velocity Summation](physics/relativistic_velocity_summation.py)
   * [Reynolds Number](physics/reynolds_number.py)
   * [Rms Speed Of Molecule](physics/rms_speed_of_molecule.py)
   * [Shear Stress](physics/shear_stress.py)
+  * [Snells Law](physics/snells_law.py)
   * [Speed Of Sound](physics/speed_of_sound.py)
   * [Speeds Of Gas Molecules](physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py)
   * [Terminal Velocity](physics/terminal_velocity.py)
@@ -1450,6 +1483,7 @@
   * [Autocomplete Using Trie](strings/autocomplete_using_trie.py)
   * [Barcode Validator](strings/barcode_validator.py)
   * [Bitap String Match](strings/bitap_string_match.py)
+  * [Boyer Moore Horspool](strings/boyer_moore_horspool.py)
   * [Boyer Moore Search](strings/boyer_moore_search.py)
   * [Camel Case To Snake Case](strings/camel_case_to_snake_case.py)
   * [Can String Be Rearranged As Palindrome](strings/can_string_be_rearranged_as_palindrome.py)

bit_manipulation/binary_and_operator.py

@@ -1,3 +1,37 @@
+"""Bitwise AND helper.
+
+Return a zero-padded binary string representing ``a & b`` where the width is the
+maximum bit length of the inputs. Only non-negative integers are accepted.
+
+>>> binary_and(25, 32)
+'0b000000'
+>>> binary_and(37, 50)
+'0b100000'
+>>> binary_and(21, 30)
+'0b10100'
+>>> binary_and(58, 73)
+'0b0001000'
+>>> binary_and(0, 255)
+'0b00000000'
+>>> binary_and(256, 256)
+'0b100000000'
+
+Invalid inputs raise clear exceptions:
+
+>>> binary_and(0, -1)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+ValueError: inputs must be non-negative integers
+>>> binary_and(0, 1.1)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+TypeError: inputs must be integers
+>>> binary_and("0", "1")
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+TypeError: inputs must be integers
+"""
+
 # https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python3/bitwise_operators_example.htm
 
 
@@ -22,28 +56,32 @@ def binary_and(a: int, b: int) -> str:
     >>> binary_and(0, -1)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ValueError: the value of both inputs must be positive
+    ValueError: inputs must be non-negative integers
     >>> binary_and(0, 1.1)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ValueError: Unknown format code 'b' for object of type 'float'
+    TypeError: inputs must be integers
     >>> binary_and("0", "1")
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
+    TypeError: inputs must be integers
+    >>> binary_and(10, "1")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    TypeError: inputs must be integers
     """
+    if not isinstance(a, int) or not isinstance(b, int):
+        raise TypeError("inputs must be integers")
     if a < 0 or b < 0:
-        raise ValueError("the value of both inputs must be positive")
+        raise ValueError("inputs must be non-negative integers")
 
     a_binary = format(a, "b")
     b_binary = format(b, "b")
 
     max_len = max(len(a_binary), len(b_binary))
 
-    return "0b" + "".join(
-        str(int(char_a == "1" and char_b == "1"))
-        for char_a, char_b in zip(a_binary.zfill(max_len), b_binary.zfill(max_len))
-    )
+    max_len = max(a.bit_length(), b.bit_length())
+    return f"0b{(a & b):0{max_len}b}"
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

bit_manipulation/binary_count_trailing_zeros.py

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 
 def binary_count_trailing_zeros(a: int) -> int:
     """
-    Take in 1 integer, return a number that is
-    the number of trailing zeros in binary representation of that number.
+    Take in 1 integer, return the number of trailing zeros in binary representation.
 
     >>> binary_count_trailing_zeros(25)
     0
@@ -17,25 +16,37 @@ def binary_count_trailing_zeros(a: int) -> int:
     >>> binary_count_trailing_zeros(4294967296)
     32
     >>> binary_count_trailing_zeros(0)
-    0
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Trailing zeros for 0 are undefined
     >>> binary_count_trailing_zeros(-10)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
     ValueError: Input value must be a positive integer
     >>> binary_count_trailing_zeros(0.8)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    TypeError: Input value must be a 'int' type
+    TypeError: Input value must be an integer
     >>> binary_count_trailing_zeros("0")
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
+    TypeError: Input value must be an integer
     """
+
+    # Type check
+    if not isinstance(a, int):
+        raise TypeError("Input value must be an integer")
+
+    # Edge case: zero
+    if a == 0:
+        raise ValueError("Trailing zeros for 0 are undefined")
+
+    # Negative numbers not allowed
     if a < 0:
         raise ValueError("Input value must be a positive integer")
-    if isinstance(a, float):
-        raise TypeError("Input value must be a 'int' type")
-    return 0 if (a == 0) else int(log2(a & -a))
+
+    # Core logic
+    return int(log2(a & -a))
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":