diff --git a/.github/copilot-instructions.md b/.github/copilot-instructions.md
index 28aa0ac0..968a31d8 100644
--- a/.github/copilot-instructions.md
+++ b/.github/copilot-instructions.md
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ This repository is **Accord Project markdown-transform** — a TypeScript npm-wo
 - Runtime: Node.js `>=22`
 - Package manager: `npm` (workspace root + package-level scripts)
 - Language: **TypeScript** (target `ES2020`, `module: commonjs`). Source lives in `packages/*/src/`; compiled `.js` + `.d.ts` are emitted to `packages/*/lib/`.
-- Build: `tsc` per package (config extends `tsconfig.base.json`).
+- Build: `tsc` per package (config extends `tsconfig.base.json`), then `scripts/build-esm.js` (esbuild) emits ES module builds to `lib/esm/` (Node, `import` condition) and `lib/esm-browser/` (bundlers targeting the web, `browser` condition).
 - Linting: ESLint with `@typescript-eslint` (4-space indent, single quotes, semicolons).
 - Unit testing: **Jest 29 + ts-jest** across every package. The legacy mocha+chai suites were removed during the TS migration.
-- Browser E2E: **Playwright** under `e2e/` exercises the UMD bundles in headless Chromium.
-- Bundling: `webpack 5` produces UMD bundles for `markdown-html`, `markdown-template`, `markdown-transform` (the three user-facing entry points). The other packages are CommonJS library deps consumed via bundlers.
+- Browser E2E: **Playwright** under `e2e/` bundles the `lib/esm-browser` builds with esbuild and runs them in headless Chromium.
+- No prebuilt browser bundles are published; browser consumers bundle the packages themselves. `scripts/smoke-esm.mjs` checks the ES module builds after every root `npm run build`.
 - CI: GitHub Actions matrix on Ubuntu, macOS, and Windows for unit tests; Ubuntu-only for Playwright e2e.
 
 ## Repository layout
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ This repository is **Accord Project markdown-transform** — a TypeScript npm-wo
 - `packages/` — eight publishable packages:
   - `markdown-common`
   - `markdown-cicero`
-  - `markdown-template`     *(also UMD)*
-  - `markdown-html`         *(also UMD)*
+  - `markdown-template`
+  - `markdown-html`
   - `markdown-it-cicero`
   - `markdown-it-template`
-  - `markdown-cli`
-  - `markdown-transform`    *(umbrella, also UMD)*
+  - `markdown-cli`          *(Node-only CLI, CommonJS only)*
+  - `markdown-transform`    *(umbrella)*
 - `e2e/` — browser end-to-end tests (Playwright). Not published.
 - `scripts/` — repo-level utilities (model generation, version bumping, coverage aggregation).
 - `tsconfig.base.json` — shared compiler options inherited by every package.
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ Concerto models for CommonMark/CiceroMark/TemplateMark are downloaded by `script
 
 When changing code, run checks in this order:
 
-1. `npm run build` — runs `tsc` per workspace (also rebuilds before tests via each package's `pretest`).
+1. `npm run build` — runs `tsc` and the ES module builds per workspace, then the ESM smoke test (each package's `pretest` also rebuilds it).
 2. `npm test` — runs the full Jest suite across every package.
-3. `npm run -w markdown-transform-e2e test` — Playwright browser tests; only needed if you changed source that ends up in a UMD bundle.
+3. `npm run -w markdown-transform-e2e test` — Playwright browser tests; needed if you changed source that runs in the browser, or the build.
 4. `npm run coverage` — coverage aggregation (only if investigating coverage).
 
-For package-level iteration, `cd packages/<name>` and run `npm run build`, `npm test`, etc. directly. For the umbrella package, also run `npm run webpack` after `npm run build` to refresh the UMD bundle.
+For package-level iteration, `cd packages/<name>` and run `npm run build`, `npm test`, etc. directly.
 
 When migrating Concerto: `@accordproject/concerto-core` is on **v4**. `new ModelManager({ strict: true })` is no longer valid — drop the option, don't cast to `any`. The model manager defaults are equivalent in v4.
 
@@ -91,12 +91,13 @@ These are based on merged PR review feedback in this repository:
    - If bumping a shared dependency, align all affected package manifests and lockfiles in one change.
 
 6. **Browser polyfills only when strictly needed**
-   - The webpack configs use `webpack.ProvidePlugin({ process: 'process/browser' })` and `resolve.alias = { jsdom: false }` to keep UMD bundles slim. Don't add Node polyfills unless a real test fails without them.
+   - The browser ES module build replaces Node builtins and `jsdom` with empty modules (`scripts/build-esm.js`) and must not reference `process`; the smoke test enforces both. Don't add Node polyfills unless a real test fails without them.
 
 ## Publishing & npm packages
 
-- `package.json` `files` field for every publishable package is `["lib"]` (or `["lib", "umd"]` for the three UMD packages). `src/`, tests, snapshots, jest config, eslint config, and tsconfig stay out of the tarball.
-- `main: "lib/index.js"`, `types: "lib/index.d.ts"`. The three UMD packages also set `browser: "umd/markdown-X.js"` so bundlers serving browser targets pick the UMD bundle automatically.
+- `package.json` `files` field for every publishable package is `["lib"]`. `src/`, tests, snapshots, jest config, eslint config, and tsconfig stay out of the tarball.
+- `main: "lib/index.js"`, `types: "lib/index.d.ts"`. The library packages also declare an `exports` map (`types` / `browser` / `import` / `require`) listing only `.` and `./package.json`; add a subpath explicitly if consumers need one — no `./lib/*` wildcard.
+- Load dependencies with `import` statements, not `require()`: the ES module builds cannot follow a `require()` call, and the smoke test fails on one.
 - Source maps (`*.js.map`) **are** shipped — keep `sourceMap: true` in `tsconfig.base.json` so consumer stack traces stay useful.
 
 ## AI review behavior (adapted from best-practice guidance)
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ Before proposing a PR-ready change:
 - [ ] Change scope is minimal and focused
 - [ ] New/updated behavior has tests (unit and, where relevant, Playwright e2e)
 - [ ] Lint/build/tests pass
-- [ ] `npm pack --dry-run` for any package whose contents changed shows only `lib/` (+ optional `umd/`) — no tests, snapshots, or configs leaking
+- [ ] `npm pack --dry-run` for any package whose contents changed shows only `lib/` — no tests, snapshots, or configs leaking
 - [ ] Dependency changes are justified and minimal
 - [ ] No accidental downgrades or unnecessary added packages
 - [ ] Commit(s) use DCO sign-off
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ Before proposing a PR-ready change:
 ## Common pitfalls in this repo
 
 - Mixing `.js` and `.ts` in `src/` — the source tree is TypeScript only.
-- Forgetting to rebuild UMD bundles (`npm run webpack -w …`) after source changes; the Playwright e2e tests will then test stale code.
+- Forgetting to run `npm run build` after source changes; the Playwright e2e tests bundle `lib/esm-browser` and will then test stale code.
 - Adding broad type tightening (`noImplicitAny`, `strict`) in unrelated files while fixing a small bug — out of scope, expand `any` only where the change is needed.
 - Adding many dependency changes in one sweep without explaining each one.
 - Switching from exact to ranged versions for core dependencies without team agreement.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index 7299d467..b5ddc488 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -83,9 +83,6 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build packages (dep order)
         run: npm run build
 
-      - name: Build UMD bundles
-        run: npm run -w markdown-transform-e2e build:bundles
-
       - name: Get Playwright version
         id: playwright-version
         run: |
diff --git a/MIGRATION.md b/MIGRATION.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8421e972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MIGRATION.md
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Migrating to markdown-transform 2.0
+
+Version 2.0 changes how the packages in this repository are published. They now ship ES module builds selected through an `exports` map, and the prebuilt UMD browser bundles are gone. The aim is smaller browser bundles: a bundler now takes each package's browser build and shares one copy of every dependency with the rest of the application, where the UMD bundles each carried their own copy of Concerto and about 1 MB of Node polyfills.
+
+**Who is affected:** if you import these packages by name, from Node or through a modern bundler, probably nobody:
+
+```js
+// CommonJS — unchanged
+const { TemplateMarkTransformer } = require('@accordproject/markdown-template');
+
+// ES modules — unchanged
+import { transform } from '@accordproject/markdown-transform';
+```
+
+You are affected if you:
+
+- load a UMD bundle (`umd/markdown-*.js`) with a `<script>` tag, or read `window['markdown-transform']` and similar globals;
+- import a file inside a package, such as `@accordproject/markdown-common/lib/...`;
+- build with a tool that does not read the `exports` field (webpack 4, browserify, Parcel 1);
+- load the same package with both `import` and `require()` in one Node process.
+
+These commands find the first two:
+
+```bash
+grep -rnE "@accordproject/markdown-[a-z-]+/(lib|umd)/" --include=*.js --include=*.ts --include=*.mjs --include=*.html .
+grep -rnE "window\[['\"]markdown-(html|template|transform)['\"]\]" .
+```
+
+## Breaking changes
+
+### The UMD bundles are removed
+
+`@accordproject/markdown-html`, `@accordproject/markdown-template` and `@accordproject/markdown-transform` no longer publish `umd/markdown-*.js`, and the top-level `browser` field that pointed at them is gone.
+
+- **Bundler users** (webpack 5, Vite, Rollup, esbuild): no change is needed. These bundlers read the `browser` condition of the `exports` map, which selects `lib/esm-browser`. That build already leaves out `jsdom` and Node builtins, so the `IgnorePlugin` for `jsdom`, `process` polyfills and `resolve.fallback` entries that the UMD era called for are no longer required by these packages.
+- **`<script>` tag users:** add a bundler to your build and import the packages normally. `lib/esm-browser` is a module graph, not a single file, and it imports its dependencies by package name (`markdown-it`, `dayjs`, `@xmldom/xmldom`, `@accordproject/concerto-core`, ...). Some of those are CommonJS, so an import map alone cannot load the graph in a browser. A CDN that converts npm packages to browser-ready ES modules can, but check its behaviour before relying on it.
+- **Tools that do not read `exports`** (webpack 4, browserify, Parcel 1): with the `browser` field gone, these fall back to `main`, the CommonJS build for Node. Bundling it pulls in `jsdom` through `markdown-html`, which is not built to run in a browser. Upgrade to a bundler that supports `exports`.
+
+### Deep imports no longer resolve
+
+Each package now declares an `exports` map exposing only the package root and `./package.json`. Importing a file inside a package, for example `@accordproject/markdown-template/lib/templatemarkutil`, fails with `ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED` in Node and an equivalent error in bundlers. Import from the package root instead; for example `templatemarkutil` is exported as `import { templatemarkutil } from '@accordproject/markdown-template'`. If something you need is not exported from the root, please open an issue.
+
+### `import` and `require()` load different files
+
+`require()` still loads the CommonJS build in `lib/`, but Node's `import` now loads the ES module build in `lib/esm/`. A process that reaches the same package both ways holds two copies of it, and an `instanceof` check fails on an object created by the other copy. Use one module system per package in a process. If a dependency of yours still uses `require()`, hand objects it created back to it rather than to your own `import`ed copy. If something fails in a way that looks impossible, run `npm ls @accordproject/markdown-template` (or the package concerned) and check that it is installed once.
+
+### The `process` dependency is dropped
+
+`markdown-html`, `markdown-template` and `markdown-transform` listed the `process` polyfill as a runtime dependency for the webpack builds. It is removed; if your application used it through these packages, add it to your own dependencies.
+
+## Not breaking
+
+- Imports from a package root, with `require()` or `import`.
+- TypeScript types: `types` still points at `lib/index.d.ts`.
+- The markdown-it plugins: `require('@accordproject/markdown-it-cicero')` still returns the plugin function, and `import plugin from '@accordproject/markdown-it-cicero'` gives it as the default export. The same holds for `markdown-it-template`.
+- Formula names in TemplateMark. They are now computed with a pure JavaScript SHA-256 instead of Node's `crypto` module, and are identical.
+
+## What you get
+
+Bundling `{ TemplateMarkTransformer }` from `markdown-template` and `{ transform }` from `markdown-transform` for the browser with esbuild (`--bundle --minify`), Concerto included:
+
+| | Minified | Gzipped |
+|---|---:|---:|
+| 1.1.0, through the UMD bundles | 4,571 KB | 1,341 KB |
+| 2.0, through `lib/esm-browser` | 689 KB | 192 KB |
diff --git a/e2e/README.md b/e2e/README.md
index bdef4860..d93a1ffd 100644
--- a/e2e/README.md
+++ b/e2e/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # Browser End-to-End Tests
 
-[Playwright](https://playwright.dev) tests that load the UMD bundles for `markdown-html`, `markdown-template` and `markdown-transform` into a real headless Chromium and call the public API. These tests exist to catch packaging/bundling regressions that unit tests miss — for example, accidentally pulling Node-only modules like `jsdom` into the browser bundle.
+[Playwright](https://playwright.dev) tests that run the browser builds in a real headless Chromium and call the public API. These tests exist to catch packaging/bundling regressions that unit tests miss — for example, accidentally pulling Node-only modules like `jsdom` into a browser bundle.
+
+Each package publishes an ES module build in `lib/esm-browser`, which bundlers select through the `browser` export condition. `esm-browser.spec.ts` bundles those builds with esbuild, as an application's bundler would, and loads the result into the page.
 
 ## Run
 
@@ -8,32 +10,27 @@ From the repository root:
 
 ```bash
 npm install --workspaces
+npm run build
 npm run -w markdown-transform-e2e test
 ```
 
-`npm test` from the e2e directory runs `pretest` first, which:
-1. Builds each TS package (`tsc`)
-2. Builds each UMD bundle (`webpack`)
-3. Installs the Chromium browser used by Playwright (cached after first run)
+`npm run build` compiles each package and emits its ES module builds. `npm test` from the e2e directory then runs `pretest`, which installs the Chromium browser used by Playwright (cached after first run).
 
 ## What's covered
 
 | Spec | Asserts |
 |------|---------|
-| `markdown-html.spec.ts`      | `HtmlTransformer` exported on the global; `toHtml`/`toCiceroMark` work using the native `DOMParser` (jsdom is **not** in the browser bundle) |
-| `markdown-template.spec.ts`  | `TemplateMarkTransformer` exported; `toTokens` and `normalizeNLs` work |
-| `markdown-transform.spec.ts` | `transform`, `formatDescriptor`, `generateTransformationDiagram`, `TransformEngine` exported; markdown → commonmark and markdown → html transformations succeed |
+| `esm-browser.spec.ts` | every package resolves to `lib/esm-browser`; jsdom and the crypto polyfills stay out of the bundle; the `markdown-transform` API is exported; markdown → commonmark and markdown → html succeed; `toHtml`, and `toCiceroMark` with the native `DOMParser`, work; a template with a formula parses (with a name matching Node's SHA-256); `toTokens` and `normalizeNLs` work |
 
 ## Adding a test
 
-Each UMD bundle exports its API onto `window['<package-name>']` (e.g. `window['markdown-html']`). Spec pattern:
+The bundle built in `beforeAll` exposes the exports of its entry module on `window.markdownTransform`. To test another API, export it from `ENTRY` in `esm-browser.spec.ts`, then:
 
 ```ts
-await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-await page.addScriptTag({ path: path.resolve(__dirname, '../../packages/<pkg>/umd/<pkg>.js') });
+await loadBundle(page);
 
 const result = await page.evaluate(() => {
-    const { Something } = (window as any)['<pkg>'];
+    const { Something } = (window as any).markdownTransform;
     return new Something().doStuff();
 });
 
diff --git a/e2e/package.json b/e2e/package.json
index d0b09c46..7131a4fb 100644
--- a/e2e/package.json
+++ b/e2e/package.json
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
   "name": "markdown-transform-e2e",
   "version": "1.1.0",
   "private": true,
-  "description": "End-to-end tests that load the UMD browser bundles into a real headless Chromium and exercise the public API.",
+  "description": "End-to-end tests that bundle the browser ES module builds and exercise the public API in a real headless Chromium.",
   "scripts": {
-    "build:bundles": "npm run -w @accordproject/markdown-html webpack && npm run -w @accordproject/markdown-template webpack && npm run -w @accordproject/markdown-transform webpack",
-    "pretest": "npm run build:bundles && npx --yes playwright install chromium",
+    "pretest": "npx --yes playwright install chromium",
     "test": "playwright test"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/e2e/tests/esm-browser.spec.ts b/e2e/tests/esm-browser.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55ec2e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/tests/esm-browser.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { test, expect, type Page } from '@playwright/test';
+import * as esbuild from 'esbuild';
+import { createHash } from 'crypto';
+
+// A bundler targeting the web resolves each package's `browser` export
+// condition to lib/esm-browser and bundles it into the application, resolving
+// the bare imports that graph leaves (markdown-it, dayjs, Concerto, sibling
+// packages) from node_modules. This suite does the same with esbuild and runs
+// the result in Chromium, so it tests what browser consumers actually ship.
+const ENTRY = `
+export { ModelManager } from '@accordproject/concerto-core';
+export { HtmlTransformer } from '@accordproject/markdown-html';
+export { TemplateMarkTransformer, normalizeNLs } from '@accordproject/markdown-template';
+export { transform, formatDescriptor, generateTransformationDiagram, TransformEngine } from '@accordproject/markdown-transform';
+`;
+
+const PACKAGES = [
+    'markdown-cicero',
+    'markdown-common',
+    'markdown-html',
+    'markdown-it-cicero',
+    'markdown-it-template',
+    'markdown-template',
+    'markdown-transform',
+];
+
+const COMMONMARK = 'org.accordproject.commonmark@0.5.0';
+
+let bundle: string;
+let inputs: string[];
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+    const result = await esbuild.build({
+        stdin: { contents: ENTRY, resolveDir: __dirname, loader: 'js' },
+        bundle: true,
+        platform: 'browser',
+        format: 'iife',
+        globalName: 'markdownTransform',
+        write: false,
+        metafile: true,
+        logLevel: 'silent',
+    });
+    bundle = result.outputFiles[0].text;
+    inputs = Object.keys(result.metafile.inputs).map(input => input.split('\\').join('/'));
+});
+
+/**
+ * Loads the bundle into a blank page, exposing its exports on
+ * `window.markdownTransform`.
+ *
+ * @param {Page} page - the Playwright page
+ */
+async function loadBundle(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+    await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
+    await page.addScriptTag({ content: bundle });
+}
+
+test.describe('browser ES module build', () => {
+    test('the bundler resolves every package to lib/esm-browser', () => {
+        const ownModules = inputs.filter(input => /(^|\/)packages\/markdown-/.test(input));
+        const packages = [...new Set(ownModules.map(input => input.match(/packages\/(markdown-[a-z-]+)\//)![1]))].sort();
+        expect(packages).toEqual(PACKAGES);
+        expect(ownModules.filter(input => !input.includes('/lib/esm-browser/'))).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    test('Node-only modules stay out of the bundle', () => {
+        const nodeOnly = inputs.filter(input => /node_modules\/(jsdom|crypto-browserify|bn\.js|stream-browserify)\//.test(input));
+        expect(nodeOnly).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    test('exposes the transform API', async ({ page }) => {
+        await loadBundle(page);
+        const exports = await page.evaluate(() => {
+            const mod = (window as any).markdownTransform;
+            return ['transform', 'formatDescriptor', 'generateTransformationDiagram', 'TransformEngine', 'HtmlTransformer', 'TemplateMarkTransformer']
+                .filter(name => typeof mod[name] !== 'function');
+        });
+        expect(exports).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    test('markdown -> commonmark', async ({ page }) => {
+        await loadBundle(page);
+        const result = await page.evaluate(() => {
+            const { transform } = (window as any).markdownTransform;
+            return transform('# Hello\n\nWorld.', 'markdown', ['commonmark']);
+        });
+        expect(result.$class).toBe(`${COMMONMARK}.Document`);
+        expect(result.nodes[0].$class).toBe(`${COMMONMARK}.Heading`);
+        expect(result.nodes[0].nodes[0].text).toBe('Hello');
+    });
+
+    test('markdown -> html via ciceromark', async ({ page }) => {
+        await loadBundle(page);
+        const html = await page.evaluate(() => {
+            const { transform } = (window as any).markdownTransform;
+            return transform('# Hello\n\nWorld.', 'markdown', ['ciceromark_parsed', 'html']);
+        });
+        expect(html).toContain('<h1>Hello</h1>');
+        expect(html).toContain('<p>World.</p>');
+    });
+
+    test('toHtml renders a CommonMark Document', async ({ page }) => {
+        await loadBundle(page);
+        const html = await page.evaluate((commonMark) => {
+            const { HtmlTransformer } = (window as any).markdownTransform;
+            return new HtmlTransformer().toHtml({
+                $class: `${commonMark}.Document`,
+                xmlns: 'http://commonmark.org/xml/1.0',
+                nodes: [{
+                    $class: `${commonMark}.Paragraph`,
+                    nodes: [{ $class: `${commonMark}.Text`, text: 'Hello, browser!' }],
+                }],
+            });
+        }, COMMONMARK);
+        expect(html).toContain('<p>Hello, browser!</p>');
+    });
+
+    test('toCiceroMark parses HTML using the native DOMParser', async ({ page }) => {
+        await loadBundle(page);
+        const dom = await page.evaluate(() => {
+            const { HtmlTransformer } = (window as any).markdownTransform;
+            return new HtmlTransformer().toCiceroMark('<p>Roundtripped</p>');
+        });
+        expect(dom.$class).toBe(`${COMMONMARK}.Document`);
+        expect(dom.nodes[0].nodes[0].text).toBe('Roundtripped');
+    });
+
+    test('a template with a date and a formula parses', async ({ page }) => {
+        await loadBundle(page);
+        const formula = await page.evaluate(() => {
+            const { ModelManager, TemplateMarkTransformer } = (window as any).markdownTransform;
+            const modelManager = new ModelManager();
+            modelManager.addCTOModel(`namespace e2e@1.0.0
+@template
+concept Agreement {
+  o String party
+  o DateTime effective
+}`);
+            const templateMark = new TemplateMarkTransformer().fromMarkdownTemplate(
+                { content: 'Between {{party}}, from {{effective as "D MMMM YYYY"}}, for {{% return 1 + 2 %}} days.' },
+                modelManager,
+                'contract',
+            );
+            const find = (node: any): any => node.$class?.endsWith('.FormulaDefinition')
+                ? node
+                : (node.nodes || []).map(find).find(Boolean);
+            const found = find(templateMark);
+            return { name: found.name, code: found.code.contents };
+        });
+        // The browser has no Node crypto; the name must still match it.
+        expect(formula.name).toBe('formula_' + createHash('sha256').update(formula.code).digest('hex'));
+    });
+
+    test('toTokens produces a markdown-it token stream', async ({ page }) => {
+        await loadBundle(page);
+        const tokenCount = await page.evaluate(() => {
+            const { TemplateMarkTransformer } = (window as any).markdownTransform;
+            return new TemplateMarkTransformer().toTokens({ content: 'Hello {{name}}.' }).length;
+        });
+        expect(tokenCount).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    });
+
+    test('normalizeNLs converts CRLF to LF', async ({ page }) => {
+        await loadBundle(page);
+        const out = await page.evaluate(() => (window as any).markdownTransform.normalizeNLs('Hello\r\nWorld!'));
+        expect(out).toBe('Hello\nWorld!');
+    });
+});
diff --git a/e2e/tests/markdown-html.spec.ts b/e2e/tests/markdown-html.spec.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e681ae4..00000000
--- a/e2e/tests/markdown-html.spec.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
-import * as path from 'path';
-
-const UMD_BUNDLE = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../packages/markdown-html/umd/markdown-html.js');
-
-test.describe('@accordproject/markdown-html UMD', () => {
-    test('exposes HtmlTransformer on the global', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const result = await page.evaluate(() => {
-            const mod = (window as any)['markdown-html'];
-            return {
-                hasHtmlTransformer: typeof mod?.HtmlTransformer === 'function',
-                hasToHtmlStringVisitor: typeof mod?.ToHtmlStringVisitor === 'function',
-            };
-        });
-
-        expect(result.hasHtmlTransformer).toBe(true);
-        expect(result.hasToHtmlStringVisitor).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    test('toHtml renders a CommonMark Document', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const html = await page.evaluate(() => {
-            const { HtmlTransformer } = (window as any)['markdown-html'];
-            const transformer = new HtmlTransformer();
-            return transformer.toHtml({
-                $class: 'org.accordproject.commonmark@0.5.0.Document',
-                xmlns: 'http://commonmark.org/xml/1.0',
-                nodes: [{
-                    $class: 'org.accordproject.commonmark@0.5.0.Paragraph',
-                    nodes: [{
-                        $class: 'org.accordproject.commonmark@0.5.0.Text',
-                        text: 'Hello, browser!',
-                    }],
-                }],
-            });
-        });
-
-        expect(html).toContain('<p>Hello, browser!</p>');
-    });
-
-    test('toCiceroMark parses HTML using the native DOMParser', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const dom = await page.evaluate(() => {
-            const { HtmlTransformer } = (window as any)['markdown-html'];
-            return new HtmlTransformer().toCiceroMark('<p>Roundtripped</p>');
-        });
-
-        expect(dom.$class).toBe('org.accordproject.commonmark@0.5.0.Document');
-        expect(dom.nodes[0].$class).toBe('org.accordproject.commonmark@0.5.0.Paragraph');
-        expect(dom.nodes[0].nodes[0].text).toBe('Roundtripped');
-    });
-});
diff --git a/e2e/tests/markdown-template.spec.ts b/e2e/tests/markdown-template.spec.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 80041d97..00000000
--- a/e2e/tests/markdown-template.spec.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
-import * as path from 'path';
-
-const UMD_BUNDLE = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../packages/markdown-template/umd/markdown-template.js');
-
-test.describe('@accordproject/markdown-template UMD', () => {
-    test('exposes TemplateMarkTransformer on the global', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const result = await page.evaluate(() => {
-            const mod = (window as any)['markdown-template'];
-            return {
-                hasTransformer: typeof mod?.TemplateMarkTransformer === 'function',
-                hasNormalize: typeof mod?.normalizeNLs === 'function',
-            };
-        });
-
-        expect(result.hasTransformer).toBe(true);
-        expect(result.hasNormalize).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    test('toTokens produces a markdown-it token stream', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const tokenCount = await page.evaluate(() => {
-            const { TemplateMarkTransformer } = (window as any)['markdown-template'];
-            const transformer = new TemplateMarkTransformer();
-            const tokens = transformer.toTokens({ content: 'Hello {{name}}.' });
-            return tokens.length;
-        });
-
-        expect(tokenCount).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    });
-
-    test('normalizeNLs converts CRLF to LF', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const out = await page.evaluate(() => {
-            const { normalizeNLs } = (window as any)['markdown-template'];
-            return normalizeNLs('Hello\r\nWorld!');
-        });
-
-        expect(out).toBe('Hello\nWorld!');
-    });
-});
diff --git a/e2e/tests/markdown-transform.spec.ts b/e2e/tests/markdown-transform.spec.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d5d381a4..00000000
--- a/e2e/tests/markdown-transform.spec.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
-import * as path from 'path';
-
-const UMD_BUNDLE = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../packages/markdown-transform/umd/markdown-transform.js');
-
-test.describe('@accordproject/markdown-transform UMD', () => {
-    test('exposes the transform API on the global', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const exports = await page.evaluate(() => {
-            const mod = (window as any)['markdown-transform'];
-            return {
-                hasTransform: typeof mod?.transform === 'function',
-                hasFormatDescriptor: typeof mod?.formatDescriptor === 'function',
-                hasGenerateDiagram: typeof mod?.generateTransformationDiagram === 'function',
-                hasTransformEngine: typeof mod?.TransformEngine === 'function',
-            };
-        });
-
-        expect(exports).toEqual({
-            hasTransform: true,
-            hasFormatDescriptor: true,
-            hasGenerateDiagram: true,
-            hasTransformEngine: true,
-        });
-    });
-
-    test('markdown -> commonmark roundtrip', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const result = await page.evaluate(async () => {
-            const { transform } = (window as any)['markdown-transform'];
-            return transform('# Hello\n\nWorld.', 'markdown', ['commonmark']);
-        });
-
-        expect(result.$class).toBe('org.accordproject.commonmark@0.5.0.Document');
-        const heading = result.nodes[0];
-        expect(heading.$class).toBe('org.accordproject.commonmark@0.5.0.Heading');
-        expect(heading.nodes[0].text).toBe('Hello');
-    });
-
-    test('markdown -> html via ciceromark', async ({ page }) => {
-        await page.setContent('<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>');
-        await page.addScriptTag({ path: UMD_BUNDLE });
-
-        const html = await page.evaluate(async () => {
-            const { transform } = (window as any)['markdown-transform'];
-            return transform('# Hello\n\nWorld.', 'markdown', ['ciceromark_parsed', 'html']);
-        });
-
-        expect(html).toContain('<h1>Hello</h1>');
-        expect(html).toContain('<p>World.</p>');
-    });
-});
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index dd0baacb..0d895714 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
         "@accordproject/concerto-core": "^5.0.0",
         "ajv": "^8.17.1",
         "dayjs": "1.11.13",
+        "esbuild": "^0.27.7",
         "glob": "^7.1.7",
         "handlebars": "^4.7.9",
         "license-check-and-add": "2.3.6",
@@ -730,12 +731,446 @@
         "kuler": "^2.0.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@discoveryjs/json-ext": {
-      "version": "0.5.7",
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/aix-ppc64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/aix-ppc64/-/aix-ppc64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EKX3Qwmhz1eMdEJokhALr0YiD0lhQNwDqkPYyPhiSwKrh7/4KRjQc04sZ8db+5DVVnZ1LmbNDI1uAMPEUBnQPg==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "ppc64"
+      ],
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "aix"
+      ],
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=10.0.0"
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-arm": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm/-/android-arm-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-jbPXvB4Yj2yBV7HUfE2KHe4GJX51QplCN1pGbYjvsyCZbQmies29EoJbkEc+vYuU5o45AfQn37vZlyXy4YJ8RQ==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "android"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-arm64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm64/-/android-arm64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-62dPZHpIXzvChfvfLJow3q5dDtiNMkwiRzPylSCfriLvZeq0a1bWChrGx/BbUbPwOrsWKMn8idSllklzBy+dgQ==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "android"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-x64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-x64/-/android-x64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-x5VpMODneVDb70PYV2VQOmIUUiBtY3D3mPBG8NxVk5CogneYhkR7MmM3yR/uMdITLrC1ml/NV1rj4bMJuy9MCg==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "android"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/darwin-arm64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-arm64/-/darwin-arm64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-5lckdqeuBPlKUwvoCXIgI2D9/ABmPq3Rdp7IfL70393YgaASt7tbju3Ac+ePVi3KDH6N2RqePfHnXkaDtY9fkw==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "darwin"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/darwin-x64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-x64/-/darwin-x64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-rYnXrKcXuT7Z+WL5K980jVFdvVKhCHhUwid+dDYQpH+qu+TefcomiMAJpIiC2EM3Rjtq0sO3StMV/+3w3MyyqQ==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "darwin"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64/-/freebsd-arm64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-B48PqeCsEgOtzME2GbNM2roU29AMTuOIN91dsMO30t+Ydis3z/3Ngoj5hhnsOSSwNzS+6JppqWsuhTp6E82l2w==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "freebsd"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/freebsd-x64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-x64/-/freebsd-x64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-jOBDK5XEjA4m5IJK3bpAQF9/Lelu/Z9ZcdhTRLf4cajlB+8VEhFFRjWgfy3M1O4rO2GQ/b2dLwCUGpiF/eATNQ==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "freebsd"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-arm": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm/-/linux-arm-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-RkT/YXYBTSULo3+af8Ib0ykH8u2MBh57o7q/DAs3lTJlyVQkgQvlrPTnjIzzRPQyavxtPtfg0EopvDyIt0j1rA==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-arm64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm64/-/linux-arm64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-RZPHBoxXuNnPQO9rvjh5jdkRmVizktkT7TCDkDmQ0W2SwHInKCAV95GRuvdSvA7w4VMwfCjUiPwDi0ZO6Nfe9A==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-ia32": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ia32/-/linux-ia32-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-GA48aKNkyQDbd3KtkplYWT102C5sn/EZTY4XROkxONgruHPU72l+gW+FfF8tf2cFjeHaRbWpOYa/uRBz/Xq1Pg==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "ia32"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-loong64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-loong64/-/linux-loong64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-a4POruNM2oWsD4WKvBSEKGIiWQF8fZOAsycHOt6JBpZ+JN2n2JH9WAv56SOyu9X5IqAjqSIPTaJkqN8F7XOQ5Q==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "loong64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-mips64el": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-mips64el/-/linux-mips64el-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-KabT5I6StirGfIz0FMgl1I+R1H73Gp0ofL9A3nG3i/cYFJzKHhouBV5VWK1CSgKvVaG4q1RNpCTR2LuTVB3fIw==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "mips64el"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-ppc64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ppc64/-/linux-ppc64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gRsL4x6wsGHGRqhtI+ifpN/vpOFTQtnbsupUF5R5YTAg+y/lKelYR1hXbnBdzDjGbMYjVJLJTd2OFmMewAgwlQ==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "ppc64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-riscv64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-riscv64/-/linux-riscv64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hL25LbxO1QOngGzu2U5xeXtxXcW+/GvMN3ejANqXkxZ/opySAZMrc+9LY/WyjAan41unrR3YrmtTsUpwT66InQ==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "riscv64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-s390x": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-s390x/-/linux-s390x-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2k8go8Ycu1Kb46vEelhu1vqEP+UeRVj2zY1pSuPdgvbd5ykAw82Lrro28vXUrRmzEsUV0NzCf54yARIK8r0fdw==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "s390x"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-x64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-x64/-/linux-x64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hzznmADPt+OmsYzw1EE33ccA+HPdIqiCRq7cQeL1Jlq2gb1+OyWBkMCrYGBJ+sxVzve2ZJEVeePbLM2iEIZSxA==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "linux"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/netbsd-arm64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/netbsd-arm64/-/netbsd-arm64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-b6pqtrQdigZBwZxAn1UpazEisvwaIDvdbMbmrly7cDTMFnw/+3lVxxCTGOrkPVnsYIosJJXAsILG9XcQS+Yu6w==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "netbsd"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/netbsd-x64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/netbsd-x64/-/netbsd-x64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-OfatkLojr6U+WN5EDYuoQhtM+1xco+/6FSzJJnuWiUw5eVcicbyK3dq5EeV/QHT1uy6GoDhGbFpprUiHUYggrw==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "netbsd"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/openbsd-arm64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/openbsd-arm64/-/openbsd-arm64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-AFuojMQTxAz75Fo8idVcqoQWEHIXFRbOc1TrVcFSgCZtQfSdc1RXgB3tjOn/krRHENUB4j00bfGjyl2mJrU37A==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "arm64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "openbsd"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/openbsd-x64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/openbsd-x64/-/openbsd-x64-0.27.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-+A1NJmfM8WNDv5CLVQYJ5PshuRm/4cI6WMZRg1by1GwPIQPCTs1GLEUHwiiQGT5zDdyLiRM/l1G0Pv54gvtKIg==",
+      "cpu": [
+        "x64"
+      ],
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "os": [
+        "openbsd"
+      ],
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@esbuild/openharmony-arm64": {
+      "version": "0.27.7",
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         "@accordproject/concerto-core": "^5.0.0",
@@ -10074,20 +9182,12 @@
         "@types/node": "^20.11.30",
         "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^7.4.0",
         "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^7.4.0",
-        "browserify-zlib": "^0.2.0",
-        "crypto-browserify": "3.12.1",
         "eslint": "8.57.1",
-        "https-browserify": "^1.0.0",
         "jest": "^29.7.0",
         "license-check-and-add": "2.3.6",
         "rimraf": "^5.0.5",
-        "stream-browserify": "3.0.0",
-        "stream-http": "^3.2.0",
         "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
-        "ts-loader": "^9.5.1",
-        "typescript": "^5.9.3",
-        "webpack": "^5.104.1",
-        "webpack-cli": "5.1.4"
+        "typescript": "^5.9.3"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=22",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 0c3a2d42..5714b366 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
     "@accordproject/concerto-core": "^5.0.0",
     "ajv": "^8.17.1",
     "dayjs": "1.11.13",
+    "esbuild": "^0.27.7",
     "glob": "^7.1.7",
     "handlebars": "^4.7.9",
     "license-check-and-add": "2.3.6",
@@ -26,6 +27,8 @@
   "private": true,
   "scripts": {
     "build": "npm run build -w @accordproject/markdown-common && npm run build -w @accordproject/markdown-it-template -w @accordproject/markdown-it-cicero && npm run build -w @accordproject/markdown-cicero && npm run build -w @accordproject/markdown-html -w @accordproject/markdown-template && npm run build -w @accordproject/markdown-transform && npm run build -w @accordproject/markdown-cli",
+    "postbuild": "npm run test:esm",
+    "test:esm": "node ./scripts/smoke-esm.mjs",
     "postinstall": "npm run models:get",
     "models:get": "node ./scripts/external/getExternalModels.js",
     "models:clean": "node ./scripts/external/cleanExternalModels.js",
@@ -64,6 +67,7 @@
       "README.md",
       "CONTRIBUTING.md",
       "DEVELOPERS.md",
+      "MIGRATION.md",
       "NOTICES.md",
       "CHARTER.md",
       "LICENSE",
diff --git a/packages/markdown-cicero/package.json b/packages/markdown-cicero/package.json
index c46d3cfc..a3513784 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-cicero/package.json
+++ b/packages/markdown-cicero/package.json
@@ -13,8 +13,19 @@
     "lib"
   ],
   "main": "lib/index.js",
+  "module": "lib/esm/index.mjs",
   "types": "lib/index.d.ts",
   "typings": "lib/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./lib/index.d.ts",
+      "browser": "./lib/esm-browser/index.mjs",
+      "import": "./lib/esm/index.mjs",
+      "require": "./lib/index.js"
+    },
+    "./package.json": "./package.json"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
   "scripts": {
     "pretest": "npm run lint && npm run build",
     "lint": "eslint . --ext .ts",
@@ -24,7 +35,8 @@
     "test:noisy": "jest",
     "test:updateSnapshot": "jest --updateSnapshot --silent",
     "test:cov": "npm run lint && npm run build && jest --coverage --silent",
-    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json",
+    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json && npm run build:esm",
+    "build:esm": "node ../../scripts/build-esm.js",
     "clean": "rimraf lib"
   },
   "repository": {
diff --git a/packages/markdown-cicero/src/CiceroMarkTransformer.ts b/packages/markdown-cicero/src/CiceroMarkTransformer.ts
index 40b3beeb..79c900de 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-cicero/src/CiceroMarkTransformer.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown-cicero/src/CiceroMarkTransformer.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 import { ModelManager, Factory, Serializer } from '@accordproject/concerto-core';
 import MarkdownIt from 'markdown-it';
-import MarkdownItCicero = require('@accordproject/markdown-it-cicero');
+import MarkdownItCicero from '@accordproject/markdown-it-cicero';
 import {
     FromMarkdownIt,
     CommonMarkTransformer,
diff --git a/packages/markdown-common/package.json b/packages/markdown-common/package.json
index 429b9e8e..c7a95aa8 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-common/package.json
+++ b/packages/markdown-common/package.json
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     "lib"
   ],
   "main": "lib/index.js",
+  "module": "lib/esm/index.mjs",
   "types": "lib/index.d.ts",
   "scripts": {
     "pretest": "npm run lint && npm run build",
@@ -23,10 +24,21 @@
     "test:noisy": "jest",
     "test:updateSnapshot": "jest --updateSnapshot --silent",
     "test:cov": "npm run lint && npm run build && jest --coverage --silent",
-    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json",
+    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json && npm run build:esm",
+    "build:esm": "node ../../scripts/build-esm.js",
     "clean": "rimraf lib"
   },
   "typings": "lib/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./lib/index.d.ts",
+      "browser": "./lib/esm-browser/index.mjs",
+      "import": "./lib/esm/index.mjs",
+      "require": "./lib/index.js"
+    },
+    "./package.json": "./package.json"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
     "url": "git+https://github.com/accordproject/markdown-transform.git",
diff --git a/packages/markdown-html/README.md b/packages/markdown-html/README.md
index e1440475..4b91a7b0 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-html/README.md
+++ b/packages/markdown-html/README.md
@@ -32,24 +32,9 @@ const { CiceroMarkTransformer } = require('@accordproject/markdown-cicero');
 const { HtmlTransformer } = require('@accordproject/markdown-html');
 ```
 
-## Using in web apps with webpack
+## Using in web apps
 
-This package depends on [`jsdom`](https://github.com/jsdom/jsdom) for HTML parsing in Node, but uses the browser's built-in `DOMParser` at runtime when available. To prevent webpack from bundling `jsdom`, add an `IgnorePlugin` for it:
-
-```js
-// webpack.config.js (webpack 5)
-const webpack = require('webpack');
-
-module.exports = {
-    // ...
-    plugins: [
-        new webpack.IgnorePlugin({
-            resourceRegExp: /^\.$/,
-            contextRegExp: /jsdom$/,
-        }),
-    ],
-};
-```
+This package depends on [`jsdom`](https://github.com/jsdom/jsdom) for HTML parsing in Node, but uses the browser's built-in `DOMParser` when it is available. Bundlers targeting the web (webpack 5, Vite, Rollup, esbuild) select the package's browser build through the `browser` condition of its `exports` map, and that build leaves `jsdom` out, so no bundler configuration is needed.
 
 ## License <a name="license"></a>
 Accord Project source code files are made available under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (Apache-2.0), located in the LICENSE file. Accord Project documentation files are made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0), available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
diff --git a/packages/markdown-html/package.json b/packages/markdown-html/package.json
index 7ee5c2d2..647c4d83 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-html/package.json
+++ b/packages/markdown-html/package.json
@@ -10,18 +10,25 @@
     "access": "public"
   },
   "files": [
-    "lib",
-    "umd"
+    "lib"
   ],
   "main": "lib/index.js",
-  "browser": "umd/markdown-html.js",
+  "module": "lib/esm/index.mjs",
   "types": "lib/index.d.ts",
   "typings": "lib/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./lib/index.d.ts",
+      "browser": "./lib/esm-browser/index.mjs",
+      "import": "./lib/esm/index.mjs",
+      "require": "./lib/index.js"
+    },
+    "./package.json": "./package.json"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
   "scripts": {
-    "webpack": "webpack --config webpack.config.js --mode production",
-    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json",
-    "build:dist": "npm run build && npm run webpack",
-    "prepublishOnly": "npm run build:dist",
+    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json && npm run build:esm",
+    "build:esm": "node ../../scripts/build-esm.js",
     "pretest": "npm run lint && npm run build",
     "lint": "eslint . --ext .ts",
     "postlint": "npm run licchk",
@@ -30,7 +37,7 @@
     "test:noisy": "jest",
     "test:updateSnapshot": "jest --updateSnapshot --silent",
     "test:cov": "npm run lint && npm run build && jest --coverage --silent",
-    "clean": "rimraf lib umd"
+    "clean": "rimraf lib"
   },
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
@@ -55,29 +62,17 @@
     "@types/node": "^20.11.30",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^7.4.0",
     "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^7.4.0",
-    "browserify-zlib": "0.2.0",
-    "buffer": "^6.0.3",
-    "crypto-browserify": "3.12.1",
     "eslint": "8.57.1",
-    "https-browserify": "1.0.0",
     "jest": "^29.7.0",
     "license-check-and-add": "2.3.6",
-    "raw-loader": "^4.0.2",
     "rimraf": "^5.0.5",
-    "stream-browserify": "3.0.0",
-    "stream-http": "3.2.0",
     "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
-    "ts-loader": "^9.5.1",
-    "typescript": "^5.9.3",
-    "vm-browserify": "^1.1.2",
-    "webpack": "5.104.1",
-    "webpack-cli": "5.1.4"
+    "typescript": "^5.9.3"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@accordproject/markdown-cicero": "1.1.0",
     "@accordproject/markdown-common": "1.1.0",
     "jsdom": "^25.0.1",
-    "process": "^0.11.10",
     "type-of": "^2.0.1"
   },
   "license-check-and-add-config": {
diff --git a/packages/markdown-html/src/ToCiceroMarkVisitor.ts b/packages/markdown-html/src/ToCiceroMarkVisitor.ts
index 43aa5548..7d881389 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-html/src/ToCiceroMarkVisitor.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown-html/src/ToCiceroMarkVisitor.ts
@@ -14,9 +14,8 @@
 
 import { CommonMarkModel } from '@accordproject/markdown-common';
 import defaultRules, { Rule } from './rules';
+import typeOf from 'type-of';
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
-const typeOf = require('type-of');
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 const jsdom: any = typeof DOMParser === 'undefined' ? require('jsdom') : null;
 const JSDOM: any = jsdom ? jsdom.JSDOM : null;
diff --git a/packages/markdown-html/src/type-of.d.ts b/packages/markdown-html/src/type-of.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4bec9cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/markdown-html/src/type-of.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// type-of publishes no type declarations.
+declare module 'type-of';
diff --git a/packages/markdown-html/webpack.config.js b/packages/markdown-html/webpack.config.js
deleted file mode 100644
index f1b5fe98..00000000
--- a/packages/markdown-html/webpack.config.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-'use strict';
-
-const path = require('path');
-const webpack = require('webpack');
-const packageJson = require('./package.json');
-
-module.exports = {
-    entry: { client: ['./src/index.ts'] },
-    output: {
-        path: path.join(__dirname, 'umd'),
-        filename: 'markdown-html.js',
-        library: { name: 'markdown-html', type: 'umd' },
-        umdNamedDefine: true,
-    },
-    plugins: [
-        new webpack.BannerPlugin(`Markdown Transform v${packageJson.version}`),
-        new webpack.DefinePlugin({ 'process.env': { 'NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify('production') } }),
-        new webpack.ProvidePlugin({
-            Buffer: ['buffer', 'Buffer'],
-            // webpack 5 no longer polyfills `process` automatically.
-            process: 'process/browser',
-        }),
-        new webpack.IgnorePlugin({ resourceRegExp: /^\.$/, contextRegExp: /jsdom$/ }),
-    ],
-    resolve: {
-        extensions: ['.ts', '.js'],
-        // jsdom is only required when DOMParser is unavailable (i.e. Node).
-        // In the browser UMD bundle the require is unreachable, so replace
-        // it with an empty module so webpack doesn't pull in ~4 MB of jsdom.
-        alias: { jsdom: false },
-        fallback: {
-            'assert': false,
-            'fs': false,
-            'tls': false,
-            'net': false,
-            'path': false,
-            'os': false,
-            'util': false,
-            'url': false,
-            'child_process': false,
-            'crypto': require.resolve('crypto-browserify'),
-            'stream': require.resolve('stream-browserify'),
-            'http': require.resolve('stream-http'),
-            'https': require.resolve('https-browserify'),
-            'zlib': require.resolve('browserify-zlib'),
-            'buffer': require.resolve('buffer/'),
-            'vm': require.resolve('vm-browserify'),
-        },
-    },
-    module: {
-        rules: [
-            {
-                test: /\.ts$/,
-                include: [path.join(__dirname, 'src')],
-                exclude: /\.test\.ts$/,
-                use: [{
-                    loader: 'ts-loader',
-                    options: { transpileOnly: true, configFile: path.join(__dirname, 'tsconfig.json') },
-                }],
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-};
diff --git a/packages/markdown-it-cicero/package.json b/packages/markdown-it-cicero/package.json
index 60552225..ccca41d0 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-it-cicero/package.json
+++ b/packages/markdown-it-cicero/package.json
@@ -13,8 +13,19 @@
     "lib"
   ],
   "main": "lib/index.js",
+  "module": "lib/esm/index.mjs",
   "types": "lib/index.d.ts",
   "typings": "lib/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./lib/index.d.ts",
+      "browser": "./lib/esm-browser/index.mjs",
+      "import": "./lib/esm/index.mjs",
+      "require": "./lib/index.js"
+    },
+    "./package.json": "./package.json"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
   "scripts": {
     "pretest": "npm run lint && npm run build",
     "lint": "eslint . --ext .ts",
@@ -23,7 +34,8 @@
     "test": "jest --silent",
     "test:noisy": "jest",
     "test:cov": "npm run lint && npm run build && jest --coverage --silent",
-    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json",
+    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json && npm run build:esm",
+    "build:esm": "node ../../scripts/build-esm.js",
     "clean": "rimraf lib"
   },
   "repository": {
diff --git a/packages/markdown-it-template/package.json b/packages/markdown-it-template/package.json
index 69f98101..84073a11 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-it-template/package.json
+++ b/packages/markdown-it-template/package.json
@@ -13,8 +13,19 @@
     "lib"
   ],
   "main": "lib/index.js",
+  "module": "lib/esm/index.mjs",
   "types": "lib/index.d.ts",
   "typings": "lib/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./lib/index.d.ts",
+      "browser": "./lib/esm-browser/index.mjs",
+      "import": "./lib/esm/index.mjs",
+      "require": "./lib/index.js"
+    },
+    "./package.json": "./package.json"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
   "scripts": {
     "pretest": "npm run lint && npm run build",
     "lint": "eslint . --ext .ts",
@@ -23,7 +34,8 @@
     "test": "jest --silent",
     "test:noisy": "jest",
     "test:cov": "npm run lint && npm run build && jest --coverage --silent",
-    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json",
+    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json && npm run build:esm",
+    "build:esm": "node ../../scripts/build-esm.js",
     "clean": "rimraf lib"
   },
   "repository": {
diff --git a/packages/markdown-template/package.json b/packages/markdown-template/package.json
index 718c65fa..b0bcc303 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-template/package.json
+++ b/packages/markdown-template/package.json
@@ -10,18 +10,25 @@
     "access": "public"
   },
   "files": [
-    "lib",
-    "umd"
+    "lib"
   ],
   "main": "lib/index.js",
-  "browser": "umd/markdown-template.js",
+  "module": "lib/esm/index.mjs",
   "types": "lib/index.d.ts",
   "typings": "lib/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./lib/index.d.ts",
+      "browser": "./lib/esm-browser/index.mjs",
+      "import": "./lib/esm/index.mjs",
+      "require": "./lib/index.js"
+    },
+    "./package.json": "./package.json"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
   "scripts": {
-    "webpack": "webpack --config webpack.config.js --mode production",
-    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json",
-    "build:dist": "npm run build && npm run webpack",
-    "prepublishOnly": "npm run build:dist",
+    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json && npm run build:esm",
+    "build:esm": "node ../../scripts/build-esm.js",
     "pretest": "npm run lint && npm run build",
     "lint": "eslint . --ext .ts",
     "postlint": "npm run licchk",
@@ -29,7 +36,7 @@
     "test": "jest --silent",
     "test:noisy": "jest",
     "test:cov": "npm run lint && npm run build && jest --coverage --silent",
-    "clean": "rimraf lib umd"
+    "clean": "rimraf lib"
   },
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
@@ -56,17 +63,12 @@
     "@types/node": "^20.11.30",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^7.4.0",
     "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^7.4.0",
-    "crypto-browserify": "3.12.1",
     "eslint": "8.57.1",
     "jest": "^29.7.0",
     "license-check-and-add": "2.3.6",
     "rimraf": "^5.0.5",
-    "stream-browserify": "3.0.0",
     "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
-    "ts-loader": "^9.5.1",
-    "typescript": "^5.9.3",
-    "webpack": "5.104.1",
-    "webpack-cli": "5.1.4"
+    "typescript": "^5.9.3"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
     "@accordproject/concerto-core": "^5.0.0",
@@ -76,9 +78,9 @@
     "@accordproject/markdown-cicero": "1.1.0",
     "@accordproject/markdown-common": "1.1.0",
     "@accordproject/markdown-it-template": "1.1.0",
+    "@noble/hashes": "^1.8.0",
     "dayjs": "1.11.13",
-    "markdown-it": "^14.1.0",
-    "process": "^0.11.10"
+    "markdown-it": "^14.1.0"
   },
   "license-check-and-add-config": {
     "folder": "./src",
diff --git a/packages/markdown-template/src/datetimeutil.ts b/packages/markdown-template/src/datetimeutil.ts
index 62c37768..62edfc53 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-template/src/datetimeutil.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown-template/src/datetimeutil.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  */
 
 import dayjs from 'dayjs';
-import utc from 'dayjs/plugin/utc';
+import utc from 'dayjs/plugin/utc.js';
 dayjs.extend(utc);
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/markdown-template/src/templatemarkutil.ts b/packages/markdown-template/src/templatemarkutil.ts
index 8dc58abf..cdff4b5b 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-template/src/templatemarkutil.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown-template/src/templatemarkutil.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  */
 
 import dayjs from 'dayjs';
-import utc from 'dayjs/plugin/utc';
+import utc from 'dayjs/plugin/utc.js';
 dayjs.extend(utc);
 
 import { ModelManager, Factory, Serializer, Introspector } from '@accordproject/concerto-core';
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import { normalizeNLs } from './normalize';
 import { TypeVisitor } from './TypeVisitor';
 import { FormulaVisitor } from './FormulaVisitor';
 import MarkdownIt from 'markdown-it';
-import MarkdownItTemplate = require('@accordproject/markdown-it-template');
+import MarkdownItTemplate from '@accordproject/markdown-it-template';
 import templaterules from './templaterules';
 
 export interface TemplateMarkManager {
diff --git a/packages/markdown-template/src/util.test.ts b/packages/markdown-template/src/util.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdcebfa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/markdown-template/src/util.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { createHash } from 'crypto';
+import { formulaName } from './util';
+
+describe('#util', () => {
+    describe('#formulaName', () => {
+        it('should hash the code with SHA-256', () => {
+            expect(formulaName('')).toBe('formula_e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855');
+        });
+
+        // Formula names used to come from Node's crypto module. They are
+        // stored in TemplateMark, so they must not change.
+        it.each([
+            ['simple code', 'return 1 + 2;'],
+            ['multi-line code', 'const a = 1;\r\nconst b = 2;\nreturn a + b;'],
+            ['non-ASCII text', 'return "ünïcødé 🙂 €";'],
+            ['an unpaired surrogate', 'return "\uD800";'],
+            ['long code', 'return now;'.repeat(10000)],
+        ])('should match Node crypto for %s', (_name, code) => {
+            const expected = 'formula_' + createHash('sha256').update(code).digest('hex');
+            expect(formulaName(code)).toBe(expected);
+        });
+    });
+});
diff --git a/packages/markdown-template/src/util.ts b/packages/markdown-template/src/util.ts
index 80818089..f761a2e5 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-template/src/util.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown-template/src/util.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import * as crypto from 'crypto';
+// A pure JavaScript SHA-256, so formula names need no Node `crypto` (or a
+// browser polyfill for it) and are identical in every runtime.
+import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha2';
+import { bytesToHex, utf8ToBytes } from '@noble/hashes/utils';
 
 /**
  * Flatten an array of arrays
@@ -25,7 +28,5 @@ export function flatten<T>(arr: T[][]): T[] {
  * Returns a unique chosen name for a formula
  */
 export function formulaName(code: string): string {
-    const hasher = crypto.createHash('sha256');
-    hasher.update(code);
-    return 'formula_' + hasher.digest('hex');
+    return 'formula_' + bytesToHex(sha256(utf8ToBytes(code)));
 }
diff --git a/packages/markdown-template/webpack.config.js b/packages/markdown-template/webpack.config.js
deleted file mode 100644
index a6f30b4a..00000000
--- a/packages/markdown-template/webpack.config.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-'use strict';
-
-const path = require('path');
-const webpack = require('webpack');
-const packageJson = require('./package.json');
-
-module.exports = {
-    entry: { client: ['./src/index.ts'] },
-    output: {
-        path: path.join(__dirname, 'umd'),
-        filename: 'markdown-template.js',
-        library: { name: 'markdown-template', type: 'umd' },
-        umdNamedDefine: true,
-    },
-    plugins: [
-        new webpack.BannerPlugin(`Markdown Transform v${packageJson.version}`),
-        new webpack.DefinePlugin({ 'process.env': { 'NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify('production') } }),
-        // Some transitive deps reference the Node `process` global. webpack 5 no longer
-        // polyfills it, so we provide a minimal browser shim.
-        new webpack.ProvidePlugin({ process: 'process/browser' }),
-        new webpack.IgnorePlugin({ resourceRegExp: /^\.$/, contextRegExp: /jsdom$/ }),
-    ],
-    resolve: {
-        extensions: ['.ts', '.js'],
-        // Transitive deps (asn1.js, parse-asn1, etc. pulled in by crypto-browserify)
-        // statically reference Node built-ins on code paths that are unreachable in
-        // the browser. Explicitly set them to `false` so webpack doesn't emit
-        // "Module not found" warnings.
-        fallback: {
-            'fs': false,
-            'tls': false,
-            'net': false,
-            'path': false,
-            'os': false,
-            'util': false,
-            'url': false,
-            'vm': false,
-            'crypto': require.resolve('crypto-browserify'),
-            'stream': require.resolve('stream-browserify'),
-        },
-    },
-    module: {
-        rules: [
-            {
-                test: /\.ts$/,
-                include: [path.join(__dirname, 'src')],
-                exclude: /\.test\.ts$/,
-                use: [{
-                    loader: 'ts-loader',
-                    options: { transpileOnly: true, configFile: path.join(__dirname, 'tsconfig.json') },
-                }],
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-};
diff --git a/packages/markdown-transform/package.json b/packages/markdown-transform/package.json
index 51574b26..3edf3647 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-transform/package.json
+++ b/packages/markdown-transform/package.json
@@ -10,18 +10,25 @@
     "access": "public"
   },
   "files": [
-    "lib",
-    "umd"
+    "lib"
   ],
   "main": "lib/index.js",
-  "browser": "umd/markdown-transform.js",
+  "module": "lib/esm/index.mjs",
   "types": "lib/index.d.ts",
   "typings": "lib/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./lib/index.d.ts",
+      "browser": "./lib/esm-browser/index.mjs",
+      "import": "./lib/esm/index.mjs",
+      "require": "./lib/index.js"
+    },
+    "./package.json": "./package.json"
+  },
+  "sideEffects": false,
   "scripts": {
-    "webpack": "webpack --config webpack.config.js --mode production",
-    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json",
-    "build:dist": "npm run build && npm run webpack",
-    "prepublishOnly": "npm run build:dist",
+    "build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json && npm run build:esm",
+    "build:esm": "node ../../scripts/build-esm.js",
     "pretest": "npm run lint && npm run build",
     "lint": "eslint . --ext .ts",
     "postlint": "npm run licchk",
@@ -29,7 +36,7 @@
     "test": "jest --silent",
     "test:noisy": "jest",
     "test:cov": "npm run lint && npm run build && jest --coverage --silent",
-    "clean": "rimraf lib umd"
+    "clean": "rimraf lib"
   },
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
@@ -53,20 +60,12 @@
     "@types/node": "^20.11.30",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^7.4.0",
     "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^7.4.0",
-    "browserify-zlib": "^0.2.0",
-    "crypto-browserify": "3.12.1",
     "eslint": "8.57.1",
-    "https-browserify": "^1.0.0",
     "jest": "^29.7.0",
     "license-check-and-add": "2.3.6",
     "rimraf": "^5.0.5",
-    "stream-browserify": "3.0.0",
-    "stream-http": "^3.2.0",
     "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
-    "ts-loader": "^9.5.1",
-    "typescript": "^5.9.3",
-    "webpack": "^5.104.1",
-    "webpack-cli": "5.1.4"
+    "typescript": "^5.9.3"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
     "@accordproject/concerto-core": "^5.0.0"
@@ -77,8 +76,7 @@
     "@accordproject/markdown-html": "1.1.0",
     "@accordproject/markdown-template": "1.1.0",
     "dijkstrajs": "^1.0.3",
-    "jszip": "^3.10.1",
-    "process": "^0.11.10"
+    "jszip": "^3.10.1"
   },
   "license-check-and-add-config": {
     "folder": "./src",
diff --git a/packages/markdown-transform/src/builtinTransforms.ts b/packages/markdown-transform/src/builtinTransforms.ts
index 487108b2..fe7c4387 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-transform/src/builtinTransforms.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown-transform/src/builtinTransforms.ts
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
-const { ModelLoader } = require('@accordproject/concerto-core');
+import { ModelLoader } from '@accordproject/concerto-core';
 import { CommonMarkTransformer } from '@accordproject/markdown-common';
 import { CiceroMarkTransformer } from '@accordproject/markdown-cicero';
 import { TemplateMarkTransformer } from '@accordproject/markdown-template';
diff --git a/packages/markdown-transform/src/dijkstrajs.d.ts b/packages/markdown-transform/src/dijkstrajs.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc570833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/markdown-transform/src/dijkstrajs.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// dijkstrajs publishes no type declarations.
+declare module 'dijkstrajs';
diff --git a/packages/markdown-transform/src/transformEngine.ts b/packages/markdown-transform/src/transformEngine.ts
index ed8ac7fc..366c36d2 100644
--- a/packages/markdown-transform/src/transformEngine.ts
+++ b/packages/markdown-transform/src/transformEngine.ts
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
-const dijkstra = require('dijkstrajs');
+import dijkstra from 'dijkstrajs';
 const find_path = dijkstra.find_path;
 
 export interface FormatNode {
diff --git a/packages/markdown-transform/webpack.config.js b/packages/markdown-transform/webpack.config.js
deleted file mode 100644
index d5e168e4..00000000
--- a/packages/markdown-transform/webpack.config.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-'use strict';
-
-const path = require('path');
-const webpack = require('webpack');
-const packageJson = require('./package.json');
-
-module.exports = {
-    entry: { client: ['./src/index.ts'] },
-    output: {
-        path: path.join(__dirname, 'umd'),
-        filename: 'markdown-transform.js',
-        library: { name: 'markdown-transform', type: 'umd' },
-        umdNamedDefine: true,
-    },
-    plugins: [
-        new webpack.BannerPlugin(`Markdown Transform v${packageJson.version}`),
-        new webpack.DefinePlugin({ 'process.env': { 'NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify('production') } }),
-        // Some transitive deps reference the Node `process` global directly. webpack 5
-        // no longer polyfills this, so we provide a minimal browser shim.
-        new webpack.ProvidePlugin({ process: 'process/browser' }),
-        // jsdom is reachable through markdown-html, but its `require('jsdom')` is gated
-        // by `typeof DOMParser === 'undefined'`, which is false in browsers.
-        new webpack.IgnorePlugin({ resourceRegExp: /^\.$/, contextRegExp: /jsdom$/ }),
-    ],
-    resolve: {
-        extensions: ['.ts', '.js'],
-        alias: { jsdom: false },
-        // Transitive deps (asn1.js, parse-asn1, etc. pulled in by crypto-browserify)
-        // statically reference Node built-ins on code paths that are unreachable in
-        // the browser. Explicitly set them to `false` so webpack doesn't emit
-        // "Module not found" warnings.
-        fallback: {
-            'fs': false,
-            'tls': false,
-            'net': false,
-            'path': false,
-            'os': false,
-            'util': false,
-            'url': false,
-            'assert': false,
-            'vm': false,
-            'crypto': require.resolve('crypto-browserify'),
-            'stream': require.resolve('stream-browserify'),
-            'http': require.resolve('stream-http'),
-            'https': require.resolve('https-browserify'),
-            'zlib': require.resolve('browserify-zlib'),
-        },
-    },
-    module: {
-        rules: [
-            {
-                test: /\.ts$/,
-                include: [path.join(__dirname, 'src')],
-                exclude: /\.test\.ts$/,
-                use: [{
-                    loader: 'ts-loader',
-                    options: { transpileOnly: true, configFile: path.join(__dirname, 'tsconfig.json') },
-                }],
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-};
diff --git a/scripts/build-esm.js b/scripts/build-esm.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86f0a023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/build-esm.js
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+/*
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+'use strict';
+
+/*
+ * Emits the two ES module builds of the package in the current directory,
+ * next to the CommonJS build that tsc writes to lib/:
+ *
+ *   lib/esm/          the `import` export condition, for Node
+ *   lib/esm-browser/  the `browser` export condition, for bundlers targeting
+ *                     the web
+ *
+ * Run it from a package directory after tsc (`npm run build:esm`). The layout
+ * follows Concerto's scripts/build-esm.js.
+ */
+
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const { builtinModules } = require('module');
+const esbuild = require('esbuild');
+
+const packageDir = process.cwd();
+const packageJson = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(packageDir, 'package.json'), 'utf8'));
+const srcDir = path.join(packageDir, 'src');
+
+/**
+ * Every source module is an entry point, so the output mirrors the module
+ * graph that tsc emits for lib/ instead of flattening it into one file. A
+ * consumer's bundler can then drop whole modules the consumer never reaches,
+ * and code shared between entry points is hoisted into chunks.
+ *
+ * @param {string} dir - directory to scan
+ * @param {string[]} found - accumulator
+ * @return {string[]} absolute paths of the source modules under dir
+ */
+function collectEntryPoints(dir, found = []) {
+    for (const entry of fs.readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
+        const entryPath = path.join(dir, entry.name);
+        if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+            if (entry.name !== '__snapshots__') {
+                collectEntryPoints(entryPath, found);
+            }
+        } else if (entry.name.endsWith('.ts') && !entry.name.endsWith('.d.ts') && !entry.name.endsWith('.test.ts')) {
+            found.push(entryPath);
+        }
+    }
+    return found;
+}
+
+// Dependencies whose code cannot run in a browser. The only one is jsdom, which
+// markdown-html requires solely when DOMParser is missing, i.e. under Node.
+const nodeOnlyDependencies = ['jsdom'];
+
+// Every dependency (workspace siblings, Concerto as a peer, and third-party
+// packages) stays a bare import in both builds, so it resolves through the
+// consumer's node_modules exactly like the require() calls in lib/. Bundling
+// them instead would give each package a private copy: markdown-it alone would
+// appear once per package that uses it, and none of the copies could be
+// deduplicated or patched with a lockfile bump.
+const dependencies = [...new Set([
+    ...Object.keys(packageJson.dependencies || {}),
+    ...Object.keys(packageJson.peerDependencies || {}),
+])];
+
+const asExternal = names => names.flatMap(name => [name, `${name}/*`]);
+
+const builtinSpecifiers = new Set([
+    ...builtinModules,
+    ...builtinModules.map(name => `node:${name}`),
+]);
+
+// The browser build replaces Node builtins and Node-only dependencies with
+// empty modules, so a downstream bundler without Node polyfills is never asked
+// to resolve `fs` or jsdom.
+const stubNodeOnlyModulesPlugin = {
+    name: 'stub-node-only-modules',
+    setup(build) {
+        build.onResolve({ filter: /^(node:|[a-z])/ }, args => {
+            if (builtinSpecifiers.has(args.path) || nodeOnlyDependencies.includes(args.path)) {
+                return { path: args.path, namespace: 'node-only-stub' };
+            }
+            return undefined;
+        });
+        build.onLoad({ filter: /.*/, namespace: 'node-only-stub' }, () => ({
+            contents: 'module.exports = {};',
+            loader: 'js',
+        }));
+    },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Build options for one target.
+ *
+ * @param {'node'|'browser'} target - the runtime the build is for
+ * @return {object} esbuild options shared by every entry point of that target
+ */
+function buildOptionsFor(target) {
+    if (target === 'node') {
+        return {
+            platform: 'node',
+            external: [...asExternal(dependencies), ...builtinSpecifiers],
+            // jsdom is loaded with require() (only when DOMParser is missing),
+            // which has no meaning in an ES module unless one is provided.
+            banner: { js: 'import { createRequire as __createRequire } from "module";\nconst require = __createRequire(import.meta.url);' },
+        };
+    }
+    return {
+        platform: 'browser',
+        external: asExternal(dependencies.filter(name => !nodeOnlyDependencies.includes(name))),
+        plugins: [stubNodeOnlyModulesPlugin],
+    };
+}
+
+async function main() {
+    const entryPoints = collectEntryPoints(srcDir);
+    const targets = [
+        { target: 'node', outdir: path.join(packageDir, 'lib', 'esm') },
+        { target: 'browser', outdir: path.join(packageDir, 'lib', 'esm-browser') },
+    ];
+
+    for (const { target, outdir } of targets) {
+        // Chunk names are content hashes, so stale chunks from an earlier
+        // build would otherwise accumulate and be published.
+        fs.rmSync(outdir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+        await esbuild.build({
+            ...buildOptionsFor(target),
+            entryPoints,
+            outdir,
+            outbase: srcDir,
+            bundle: true,
+            splitting: true,
+            format: 'esm',
+            target: 'es2020',
+            sourcemap: true,
+            logLevel: 'warning',
+            // The package has no "type": "module", so ES modules need the .mjs
+            // extension. esbuild rewrites the relative specifiers it emits to
+            // match, which Node requires since it does not infer extensions.
+            outExtension: { '.js': '.mjs' },
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+main().catch(err => {
+    console.error(err);
+    process.exit(1);
+});
diff --git a/scripts/smoke-esm.mjs b/scripts/smoke-esm.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de633d20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/smoke-esm.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Smoke test for the ES module builds, run after `npm run build`.
+ *
+ * The jest suites run src/ through ts-jest, so nothing else exercises what a
+ * consumer actually loads: Node's `import` resolves to lib/esm, and a bundler
+ * targeting the web resolves the `browser` condition to lib/esm-browser.
+ *
+ * Run with `npm run test:esm`.
+ */
+
+import assert from 'assert';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import { createHash } from 'crypto';
+import { builtinModules, createRequire } from 'module';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
+
+import { ModelManager } from '@accordproject/concerto-core';
+import { CommonMarkTransformer } from '@accordproject/markdown-common';
+import { CiceroMarkTransformer } from '@accordproject/markdown-cicero';
+import { HtmlTransformer } from '@accordproject/markdown-html';
+import { TemplateMarkTransformer } from '@accordproject/markdown-template';
+import { transform } from '@accordproject/markdown-transform';
+import MarkdownIt from 'markdown-it';
+import MarkdownItCicero from '@accordproject/markdown-it-cicero';
+import MarkdownItTemplate from '@accordproject/markdown-it-template';
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const packagesDir = path.join(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..', 'packages');
+
+const PACKAGES = [
+    'markdown-common',
+    'markdown-cicero',
+    'markdown-html',
+    'markdown-template',
+    'markdown-transform',
+    'markdown-it-cicero',
+    'markdown-it-template',
+];
+// These export a single markdown-it plugin function (`module.exports = fn`).
+const PLUGIN_PACKAGES = ['markdown-it-cicero', 'markdown-it-template'];
+// Dependencies the browser build replaces with empty modules (see build-esm.js).
+const NODE_ONLY_DEPENDENCIES = ['jsdom'];
+
+const MODEL = `namespace smoke@1.0.0
+@template
+concept Agreement {
+  o String party
+  o DateTime effective
+}`;
+
+const checks = [];
+
+/**
+ * Register a named check.
+ *
+ * @param {string} name - what the check covers
+ * @param {Function} fn - the check body; throws to fail
+ */
+function check(name, fn) {
+    checks.push([name, fn]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Lists the .mjs files of one build of one package.
+ *
+ * @param {string} name - package directory name
+ * @param {string} build - 'esm' or 'esm-browser'
+ * @return {Array<[string, string]>} [relative path, source] pairs
+ */
+function modulesOf(name, build) {
+    const dir = path.join(packagesDir, name, 'lib', build);
+    return fs.readdirSync(dir, { recursive: true })
+        .filter(file => file.endsWith('.mjs'))
+        .map(file => [`${name}/lib/${build}/${file}`, fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir, file), 'utf8')]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Depth-first search of a markdown DOM.
+ *
+ * @param {object} node - the node to start from
+ * @param {string} classSuffix - the end of the $class to look for
+ * @return {object|undefined} the first matching node
+ */
+function findNode(node, classSuffix) {
+    if (node.$class && node.$class.endsWith(classSuffix)) {
+        return node;
+    }
+    for (const child of node.nodes || []) {
+        const found = findNode(child, classSuffix);
+        if (found) {
+            return found;
+        }
+    }
+    return undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Specifiers a module loads with a runtime require() call. In an ES module
+ * these are invisible to a bundler, and esbuild's __require helper throws
+ * "Dynamic require ... is not supported" wherever no require() is in scope.
+ *
+ * @param {string} source - module source
+ * @return {string[]} the required specifiers
+ */
+function runtimeRequires(source) {
+    return [...source.matchAll(/\b__require\("([^"]+)"\)/g)].map(match => match[1]);
+}
+
+check('Node resolves the import condition to lib/esm', () => {
+    for (const name of PACKAGES) {
+        const resolved = import.meta.resolve(`@accordproject/${name}`);
+        assert.ok(resolved.includes('/lib/esm/'), `${name}: expected lib/esm, got ${resolved}`);
+    }
+});
+
+check('ESM and CJS entry points expose the same names', async () => {
+    for (const name of PACKAGES) {
+        const esm = await import(`@accordproject/${name}`);
+        const cjs = require(`@accordproject/${name}`);
+        if (PLUGIN_PACKAGES.includes(name)) {
+            assert.strictEqual(typeof esm.default, 'function', `${name}: ESM default is not a function`);
+            assert.strictEqual(typeof cjs, 'function', `${name}: CJS export is not a function`);
+            continue;
+        }
+        const esmNames = Object.keys(esm).filter(key => key !== 'default').sort();
+        const cjsNames = Object.keys(cjs).filter(key => key !== 'default' && key !== '__esModule').sort();
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(esmNames, cjsNames, `${name}: export names differ between ESM and CJS`);
+    }
+});
+
+check('markdown round-trips through CommonMark and CiceroMark', () => {
+    const markdown = '# Heading\n\nSome *emphasis* and a [link](https://accordproject.org).';
+    const commonMark = new CommonMarkTransformer();
+    const dom = commonMark.fromMarkdown(markdown);
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(commonMark.fromMarkdown(commonMark.toMarkdown(dom)), dom);
+    const ciceroMark = new CiceroMarkTransformer();
+    assert.ok(ciceroMark.fromMarkdown(markdown).nodes.length > 0);
+});
+
+check('the markdown-it plugins work as default imports', () => {
+    const tokenTypes = (plugin, source) => new MarkdownIt().use(plugin).parse(source, {})
+        .flatMap(token => [token, ...(token.children || [])])
+        .map(token => token.type);
+    assert.ok(tokenTypes(MarkdownItCicero, '{{% return 1 %}}').includes('formula'));
+    assert.ok(tokenTypes(MarkdownItTemplate, 'Hello {{name}}.').includes('variable'));
+});
+
+check('a template with a variable, a date and a formula parses', () => {
+    const modelManager = new ModelManager();
+    modelManager.addCTOModel(MODEL);
+    const templateMark = new TemplateMarkTransformer().fromMarkdownTemplate(
+        { content: 'Between {{party}}, from {{effective as "D MMMM YYYY"}}, for {{% return 1 + 2 %}} days.' },
+        modelManager,
+        'contract',
+    );
+    assert.ok(findNode(templateMark, '.VariableDefinition'), 'no variable in the TemplateMark');
+    const formula = findNode(templateMark, '.FormulaDefinition');
+    assert.ok(formula, 'no formula in the TemplateMark');
+    // Formula names are a SHA-256 of the code. Compare with Node's own
+    // implementation to show the bundled one produces the same names.
+    const expected = 'formula_' + createHash('sha256').update(formula.code.contents).digest('hex');
+    assert.strictEqual(formula.name, expected);
+});
+
+check('transform() runs a multi-step conversion to HTML', async () => {
+    const html = await transform('# Title\n\nBody text.', 'markdown', ['html']);
+    assert.match(html, /<h1>Title<\/h1>/);
+});
+
+// The Node build loads jsdom with require(), so this covers its createRequire
+// banner.
+check('HtmlTransformer parses HTML under Node', () => {
+    const ciceroMark = new HtmlTransformer().toCiceroMark('<p>Hello <em>world</em></p>');
+    assert.ok(ciceroMark.$class.endsWith('.Document'), `unexpected root ${ciceroMark.$class}`);
+    assert.ok(findNode(ciceroMark, '.Emph'), 'no emphasis in the CiceroMark');
+});
+
+check('the Node build only requires Node-only dependencies at runtime', () => {
+    const offenders = [];
+    for (const name of PACKAGES) {
+        for (const [file, source] of modulesOf(name, 'esm')) {
+            for (const specifier of runtimeRequires(source)) {
+                if (!NODE_ONLY_DEPENDENCIES.includes(specifier)) {
+                    offenders.push(`${file} requires ${specifier}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(offenders, [], 'use an import statement so the browser build can follow it');
+});
+
+check('the browser build has no Node builtins, runtime requires or free process', () => {
+    const builtins = new Set([...builtinModules, ...builtinModules.map(name => `node:${name}`), ...NODE_ONLY_DEPENDENCIES]);
+    const offenders = [];
+    for (const name of PACKAGES) {
+        for (const [file, source] of modulesOf(name, 'esm-browser')) {
+            for (const [, specifier] of source.matchAll(/(?:\bfrom|\bimport)\s*\(?\s*"([^"]+)"/g)) {
+                if (builtins.has(specifier)) {
+                    offenders.push(`${file} imports ${specifier}`);
+                }
+            }
+            for (const specifier of runtimeRequires(source)) {
+                offenders.push(`${file} requires ${specifier}`);
+            }
+            // A free `process` is answered by a webpack consumer's
+            // ProvidePlugin with an extensionless `process/browser` request,
+            // which webpack rejects from an .mjs module.
+            if (/\bprocess\s*\./.test(source)) {
+                offenders.push(`${file} references process`);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(offenders, []);
+});
+
+let failures = 0;
+for (const [name, fn] of checks) {
+    try {
+        await fn();
+        console.log(`ok   ${name}`);
+    } catch (err) {
+        failures++;
+        console.error(`FAIL ${name}\n     ${err.message}`);
+    }
+}
+
+if (failures > 0) {
+    console.error(`\n${failures} of ${checks.length} ESM smoke checks failed`);
+    process.exit(1);
+}
+console.log(`\n${checks.length} ESM smoke checks passed`);