diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata.cc
index 67bf02b4e1a..95f0b806ff1 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata.cc
@@ -112,6 +112,9 @@ Status KeyValueMetadata::Delete(int64_t index) {
 }
 
 Status KeyValueMetadata::DeleteMany(std::vector<int64_t> indices) {
+  if (indices.size() == 1) {
+    return Delete(indices[0]);
+  }
   std::sort(indices.begin(), indices.end());
   const int64_t size = static_cast<int64_t>(keys_.size());
   indices.push_back(size);
@@ -121,11 +124,23 @@ Status KeyValueMetadata::DeleteMany(std::vector<int64_t> indices) {
     ++shift;
     const auto start = indices[i] + 1;
     const auto stop = indices[i + 1];
-    DCHECK_GE(start, 0);
-    DCHECK_LE(start, size);
-    DCHECK_GE(stop, 0);
-    DCHECK_LE(stop, size);
+
+    if (ARROW_PREDICT_TRUE(start < 0 || start > size)) {
+      return Status::IndexError("KeyValueMetadata::DeleteMany: Start index ", start - 1,
+                                " out of bounds for metadata of size ", size);
+    }
+
+    if (ARROW_PREDICT_TRUE(stop < 0 || stop > size)) {
+      return Status::IndexError("KeyValueMetadata::DeleteMany: Stop index ", stop,
+                                " out of bounds for metadata of size ", size);
+    }
+
     for (int64_t index = start; index < stop; ++index) {
+      if (ARROW_PREDICT_TRUE(index < shift)) {
+        return Status::IndexError("KeyValueMetadata::DeleteMany: duplicate index ", index,
+                                  " in indices to delete");
+      }
+
       keys_[index - shift] = std::move(keys_[index]);
       values_[index - shift] = std::move(values_[index]);
     }
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata.h b/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata.h
index 57ade11e758..b65bbb3dfd4 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata.h
@@ -50,6 +50,12 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT KeyValueMetadata {
   // Note that deleting may invalidate known indices
   Status Delete(std::string_view key);
   Status Delete(int64_t index);
+
+  /// \brief Delete metadata entries at specified index in keys and values array
+  /// \param indices Vector of distinct indices identifying the entries to
+  ///        remove from the metadata.
+  /// \return Status indicating success or failure.
+
   Status DeleteMany(std::vector<int64_t> indices);
   Status Set(std::string key, std::string value);
 
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata_test.cc
index 7c021429ac1..946b363277e 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/key_value_metadata_test.cc
@@ -226,6 +226,47 @@ TEST(KeyValueMetadataTest, Delete) {
     ASSERT_OK(metadata.DeleteMany({}));
     ASSERT_TRUE(metadata.Equals(KeyValueMetadata({"bb", "dd", "ee"}, {"2", "4", "5"})));
   }
+  {
+    KeyValueMetadata metadata(keys, values);
+
+    std::string expected_error_message =
+        "Index error: KeyValueMetadata::DeleteMany: Start index -3 out of bounds for "
+        "metadata of size 7";
+
+    ASSERT_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE(IndexError, expected_error_message,
+                               metadata.DeleteMany({-2, -3}));
+  }
+
+  {
+    KeyValueMetadata metadata(keys, values);
+
+    std::string expected_error_message =
+        "Index error: KeyValueMetadata::Delete: index -1 is out of bounds for metadata "
+        "of size 7";
+
+    ASSERT_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE(IndexError, expected_error_message,
+                               metadata.DeleteMany({-1}));
+  }
+
+  {
+    KeyValueMetadata metadata(keys, values);
+
+    std::string expected_error_message =
+        "Index error: KeyValueMetadata::DeleteMany: Stop index 8 out of bounds for "
+        "metadata of size 7";
+
+    ASSERT_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE(IndexError, expected_error_message,
+                               metadata.DeleteMany({0, 8}));
+  }
+  {
+    KeyValueMetadata metadata(keys, values);
+    std::string expected_error_message =
+        "Index error: KeyValueMetadata::DeleteMany: duplicate index 1 in indices to "
+        "delete";
+
+    ASSERT_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE(IndexError, expected_error_message,
+                               metadata.DeleteMany({0, 0, 5, 2}));
+  }
 }
 
 }  // namespace arrow