diff --git a/r/R/dplyr-mutate.R b/r/R/dplyr-mutate.R
index a62149f6743..9c41a660b8f 100644
--- a/r/R/dplyr-mutate.R
+++ b/r/R/dplyr-mutate.R
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ mutate.arrow_dplyr_query <- function(
       # Make a copy of .data, do the aggregations on it, and then left_join on
       # the group_by variables.
       agg_query <- as_adq(.data)
+      agg_query$arrange_vars <- list()
+      agg_query$arrange_desc <- logical()
       # These may be computed by .by, make sure they're set
       agg_query$group_by_vars <- grv
       agg_query$aggregations <- mask$.aggregations
diff --git a/r/R/dplyr-summarize.R b/r/R/dplyr-summarize.R
index 7c2a44eec3d..0d44f741a11 100644
--- a/r/R/dplyr-summarize.R
+++ b/r/R/dplyr-summarize.R
@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@ do_arrow_summarize <- function(.data, ..., .groups = NULL) {
   # Apply the results to the .data object.
   # First, the aggregations
   .data$aggregations <- mask$.aggregations
+  .data$arrange_vars <- list()
+  .data$arrange_desc <- logical()
   # Then collapse the query so that the resulting query object can have
   # additional operations applied to it
   out <- collapse.arrow_dplyr_query(.data)
diff --git a/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-mutate.R b/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-mutate.R
index 63f69227b28..033d8f32ffb 100644
--- a/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-mutate.R
+++ b/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-mutate.R
@@ -775,3 +775,24 @@ test_that("across() does not select grouping variables within transmute()", {
     "Column `chr` doesn't exist"
   )
 })
+
+test_that("mutate() with aggregations after arrange() (GH-45373)", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input |>
+      select(int, chr) |>
+      arrange(int) |>
+      mutate(avg_int = mean(int)) |>
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+  # A row limit between arrange() and mutate() still uses the sorted rows
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input |>
+      select(int, chr) |>
+      arrange(int) |>
+      head(3) |>
+      mutate(max_int = max(int, na.rm = TRUE)) |>
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+})
diff --git a/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-summarize.R b/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-summarize.R
index bb18c01666e..0e2ce846557 100644
--- a/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-summarize.R
+++ b/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-summarize.R
@@ -1336,3 +1336,31 @@ test_that(".by argument", {
     "Can't supply `\\.by` when `\\.data` is grouped data"
   )
 })
+
+test_that("summarize() after arrange() (GH-45373)", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input |>
+      arrange(int) |>
+      summarize(min_int = min(int, na.rm = TRUE)) |>
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input |>
+      arrange(dbl) |>
+      group_by(some_grouping) |>
+      summarize(total = sum(int, na.rm = TRUE)) |>
+      arrange(some_grouping) |>
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+  # A row limit between arrange() and summarize() still uses the sorted rows
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input |>
+      arrange(int) |>
+      head(3) |>
+      summarize(max_int = max(int, na.rm = TRUE)) |>
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+})