diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index 636f70680..b32146429 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ FROM common-env AS go-installer
 RUN <<EOF
     set -e
     ARCH=$(dpkg --print-architecture)
-    wget -O /tmp/go.tar.gz "https://go.dev/dl/go1.25.5.linux-${ARCH}.tar.gz"
+    wget -O /tmp/go.tar.gz "https://go.dev/dl/go1.26.0.linux-${ARCH}.tar.gz"
     case "$ARCH" in
-        amd64) echo "9e9b755d63b36acf30c12a9a3fc379243714c1c6d3dd72861da637f336ebb35b  /tmp/go.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check ;;
-        arm64) echo "b00b694903d126c588c378e72d3545549935d3982635ba3f7a964c9fa23fe3b9  /tmp/go.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check ;;
+        amd64) echo "aac1b08a0fb0c4e0a7c1555beb7b59180b05dfc5a3d62e40e9de90cd42f88235  /tmp/go.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check ;;
+        arm64) echo "bd03b743eb6eb4193ea3c3fd3956546bf0e3ca5b7076c8226334afe6b75704cd  /tmp/go.tar.gz" | sha256sum --check ;;
         *) echo "unsupported architecture: $ARCH"; exit 1 ;;
     esac
     tar -C /opt -xzf /tmp/go.tar.gz
diff --git a/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.md b/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.md
index 26e46b67b..96f250044 100644
--- a/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.md
+++ b/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.md
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 ## github.com/BurntSushi/toml
 
 * Name: github.com/BurntSushi/toml
-* Version: v1.5.0
-* License: [MIT](https://github.com/BurntSushi/toml/blob/v1.5.0/COPYING)
+* Version: v1.6.0
+* License: [MIT](https://github.com/BurntSushi/toml/blob/v1.6.0/COPYING)
 
 ## github.com/FactomProject/basen
 
@@ -27,38 +27,38 @@
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2
-* Version: v1.41.0
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/v1.41.0/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.41.2
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/v1.41.2/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config
-* Version: v1.32.5
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/config/v1.32.5/config/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.32.10
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/config/v1.32.10/config/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials
-* Version: v1.19.5
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/credentials/v1.19.5/credentials/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.19.10
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/credentials/v1.19.10/credentials/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds
-* Version: v1.18.16
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/feature/ec2/imds/v1.18.16/feature/ec2/imds/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.18.18
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/feature/ec2/imds/v1.18.18/feature/ec2/imds/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources
-* Version: v1.4.16
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/internal/configsources/v1.4.16/internal/configsources/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.4.18
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/internal/configsources/v1.4.18/internal/configsources/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2
-* Version: v2.7.16
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/internal/endpoints/v2.7.16/internal/endpoints/v2/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v2.7.18
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/internal/endpoints/v2.7.18/internal/endpoints/v2/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini
 
@@ -69,62 +69,62 @@
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/sync/singleflight
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/sync/singleflight
-* Version: v1.41.0
-* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/v1.41.0/internal/sync/singleflight/LICENSE)
+* Version: v1.41.2
+* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/v1.41.2/internal/sync/singleflight/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding
-* Version: v1.13.4
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/internal/accept-encoding/v1.13.4/service/internal/accept-encoding/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.13.5
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/internal/accept-encoding/v1.13.5/service/internal/accept-encoding/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url
-* Version: v1.13.16
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/internal/presigned-url/v1.13.16/service/internal/presigned-url/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.13.18
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/internal/presigned-url/v1.13.18/service/internal/presigned-url/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/kms
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/kms
-* Version: v1.49.4
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/kms/v1.49.4/service/kms/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.50.1
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/kms/v1.50.1/service/kms/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin
-* Version: v1.0.4
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/signin/v1.0.4/service/signin/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.0.6
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/signin/v1.0.6/service/signin/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso
-* Version: v1.30.7
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/sso/v1.30.7/service/sso/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.30.11
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/sso/v1.30.11/service/sso/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc
-* Version: v1.35.12
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/ssooidc/v1.35.12/service/ssooidc/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.35.15
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/ssooidc/v1.35.15/service/ssooidc/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts
-* Version: v1.41.5
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/sts/v1.41.5/service/sts/LICENSE.txt)
+* Version: v1.41.7
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/blob/service/sts/v1.41.7/service/sts/LICENSE.txt)
 
 ## github.com/aws/smithy-go
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/smithy-go
-* Version: v1.24.0
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/smithy-go/blob/v1.24.0/LICENSE)
+* Version: v1.24.1
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/aws/smithy-go/blob/v1.24.1/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/aws/smithy-go/internal/sync/singleflight
 
 * Name: github.com/aws/smithy-go/internal/sync/singleflight
-* Version: v1.24.0
-* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/aws/smithy-go/blob/v1.24.0/internal/sync/singleflight/LICENSE)
+* Version: v1.24.1
+* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/aws/smithy-go/blob/v1.24.1/internal/sync/singleflight/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset
 
@@ -138,6 +138,12 @@
 * Version: 0.19.0
 * License: [LGPL-3.0](https://github.com/cartesi/machine-emulator/blob/v0.19.0/COPYING)
 
+## github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2
+
+* Name: github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2
+* Version: v2.3.0
+* License: [MIT](https://github.com/cespare/xxhash/blob/v2.3.0/LICENSE.txt)
+
 ## github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto
 
 * Name: github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto
@@ -153,14 +159,8 @@
 ## github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg
 
 * Name: github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg
-* Version: v1.4.0
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg/blob/v1.4.0/LICENSE)
-
-## github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa
-
-* Name: github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa
-* Version: v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa/blob/53bbb0ceb27a/LICENSE-APACHE)
+* Version: v1.5.0
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg/blob/v1.5.0/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew
 
@@ -177,27 +177,26 @@
 ## github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
 
 * Name: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
-* Version: v1.16.7
-* License: [GPL-3.0](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.16.7/COPYING), [LGPL-3.0](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.16.7/COPYING.LESSER)
-* Note: This project uses the go-ethereum library, which is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0 (LGPL-3.0). We do not use or distribute the go-ethereum binaries, which are licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0 (GPL-3.0).
+* Version: v1.17.0
+* License: [GPL-3.0](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.17.0/COPYING)
+
+## github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/keccak
+
+* Name: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/keccak
+* Version: v1.17.0
+* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.17.0/crypto/keccak/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/secp256k1
 
 * Name: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/secp256k1
-* Version: v1.16.7
-* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.16.7/crypto/secp256k1/LICENSE)
+* Version: v1.17.0
+* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.17.0/crypto/secp256k1/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics
 
 * Name: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics
-* Version: v1.16.7
-* License: [BSD-2-Clause](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.16.7/metrics/LICENSE)
-
-## github.com/ethereum/go-verkle
-
-* Name: github.com/ethereum/go-verkle
-* Version: v0.2.2
-* License: [Unlicense](https://github.com/ethereum/go-verkle/blob/v0.2.2/LICENSE)
+* Version: v1.17.0
+* License: [BSD-2-Clause-FreeBSD](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.17.0/metrics/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify
 
@@ -208,14 +207,26 @@
 ## github.com/go-jet/jet/v2
 
 * Name: github.com/go-jet/jet/v2
-* Version: v2.12.0
-* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/go-jet/jet/blob/v2.12.0/LICENSE)
+* Version: v2.14.1
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/go-jet/jet/blob/v2.14.1/LICENSE)
+
+## github.com/go-logr/logr
+
+* Name: github.com/go-logr/logr
+* Version: v1.4.3
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/go-logr/logr/blob/v1.4.3/LICENSE)
+
+## github.com/go-logr/stdr
+
+* Name: github.com/go-logr/stdr
+* Version: v1.2.2
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/go-logr/stdr/blob/v1.2.2/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2
 
 * Name: github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2
-* Version: v2.4.0
-* License: [MIT](https://github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/blob/v2.4.0/LICENSE)
+* Version: v2.5.0
+* License: [MIT](https://github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/blob/v2.5.0/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4
 
@@ -310,8 +321,8 @@
 ## github.com/jackc/pgx/v5
 
 * Name: github.com/jackc/pgx/v5
-* Version: v5.7.6
-* License: [MIT](https://github.com/jackc/pgx/blob/v5.7.6/LICENSE)
+* Version: v5.8.0
+* License: [MIT](https://github.com/jackc/pgx/blob/v5.8.0/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/jackc/puddle/v2
 
@@ -322,14 +333,14 @@
 ## github.com/lib/pq
 
 * Name: github.com/lib/pq
-* Version: v1.10.9
-* License: [MIT](https://github.com/lib/pq/blob/v1.10.9/LICENSE.md)
+* Version: v1.11.2
+* License: [MIT](https://github.com/lib/pq/blob/v1.11.2/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/lmittmann/tint
 
 * Name: github.com/lmittmann/tint
-* Version: v1.1.2
-* License: [MIT](https://github.com/lmittmann/tint/blob/v1.1.2/LICENSE)
+* Version: v1.1.3
+* License: [MIT](https://github.com/lmittmann/tint/blob/v1.1.3/LICENSE)
 
 ## github.com/oapi-codegen/runtime
 
@@ -433,6 +444,30 @@
 * Version: v1.1.0
 * License: [MIT](https://github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39/blob/v1.1.0/LICENSE)
 
+## go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk
+
+* Name: go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk
+* Version: v1.2.1
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go-instrumentation/blob/sdk/v1.2.1/sdk/LICENSE)
+
+## go.opentelemetry.io/otel
+
+* Name: go.opentelemetry.io/otel
+* Version: v1.40.0
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go/blob/v1.40.0/LICENSE)
+
+## go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric
+
+* Name: go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric
+* Version: v1.40.0
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go/blob/metric/v1.40.0/metric/LICENSE)
+
+## go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace
+
+* Name: go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace
+* Version: v1.40.0
+* License: [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go/blob/trace/v1.40.0/trace/LICENSE)
+
 ## go.yaml.in/yaml/v3
 
 * Name: go.yaml.in/yaml/v3
@@ -442,8 +477,8 @@
 ## golang.org/x/crypto
 
 * Name: golang.org/x/crypto
-* Version: v0.46.0
-* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://cs.opensource.google/go/x/crypto/+/v0.46.0:LICENSE)
+* Version: v0.48.0
+* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://cs.opensource.google/go/x/crypto/+/v0.48.0:LICENSE)
 
 ## golang.org/x/sync
 
@@ -454,14 +489,14 @@
 ## golang.org/x/sys
 
 * Name: golang.org/x/sys
-* Version: v0.39.0
-* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://cs.opensource.google/go/x/sys/+/v0.39.0:LICENSE)
+* Version: v0.41.0
+* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://cs.opensource.google/go/x/sys/+/v0.41.0:LICENSE)
 
 ## golang.org/x/text
 
 * Name: golang.org/x/text
-* Version: v0.32.0
-* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://cs.opensource.google/go/x/text/+/v0.32.0:LICENSE)
+* Version: v0.34.0
+* License: [BSD-3-Clause](https://cs.opensource.google/go/x/text/+/v0.34.0:LICENSE)
 
 ## gopkg.in/yaml.v3
 
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 5e87d0a38..4948c424f 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,33 +1,32 @@
 module github.com/cartesi/rollups-node
 
-go 1.25.5
+go 1.26.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v1.16.7
+	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v1.17.0
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.2
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip32 v1.0.0
 	github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39 v1.1.0
 )
 
-require github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0
+require github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.6.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.0
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.5
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/kms v1.49.4
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.2
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.10
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/kms v1.50.1
 	github.com/deepmap/oapi-codegen/v2 v2.2.0
-	github.com/go-jet/jet/v2 v2.12.0
+	github.com/go-jet/jet/v2 v2.14.1
 	github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.19.1
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-retryablehttp v0.7.8
-	github.com/jackc/pgtype v1.14.4
-	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.6
-	github.com/lmittmann/tint v1.1.2
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.8.0
+	github.com/lmittmann/tint v1.1.3
 	github.com/oapi-codegen/runtime v1.1.2
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.10
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.21.0
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.19.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.32.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.34.0
 )
 
 require (
@@ -35,37 +34,38 @@ require (
 	github.com/FactomProject/basen v0.0.0-20150613233007-fe3947df716e // indirect
 	github.com/FactomProject/btcutilecc v0.0.0-20130527213604-d3a63a5752ec // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251208031133-be43a854e4be // indirect
+	github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20260225065256-91dd007ecddc // indirect
 	github.com/apapsch/go-jsonmerge/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.16 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.16 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.16 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.10 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.18 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.18 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.18 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.4 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.4 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.16 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.30.7 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.12 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.5 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.18 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.6 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.30.11 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.15 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.7 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.1 // indirect
 	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.24.4 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.19.2 // indirect
 	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
-	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a // indirect
+	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.8.0 // indirect
-	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5 // indirect
-	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/getkin/kin-openapi v0.124.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.21.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.23.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.3 // indirect
-	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
@@ -79,11 +79,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgproto3/v2 v2.3.3 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgtype v1.14.4 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgx/v4 v4.18.3 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9 // indirect
-	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9 // indirect
+	github.com/lib/pq v1.11.2 // indirect
 	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.7.7 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.28 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
@@ -102,12 +103,16 @@ require (
 	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.16 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.4 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.40.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.40.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.40.0 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.46.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.48.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250305212735-054e65f0b394 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.30.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.39.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.32.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.41.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 5bfd808d1..8f7ae0e51 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:BxyFTGdWcka3PhytdK4V28tE5sGfRvvvRV7EaN4
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161 h1:L/gRVlceqvL25UVaW/CKtUDjefjrs0SPonmDGUVOYP0=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 h1:W5quZX/G/csjUnuI8SUYlsHs9M38FC7znL0lIO+DvMg=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0/go.mod h1:ukJfTF/6rtPPRCnwkur4qwRxa8vTRFBF0uk2lLoLwho=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.6.0 h1:dRaEfpa2VI55EwlIW72hMRHdWouJeRF7TPYhI+AUQjk=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.6.0/go.mod h1:ukJfTF/6rtPPRCnwkur4qwRxa8vTRFBF0uk2lLoLwho=
 github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5 h1:EndNeuB0l9syBZhut0wns3gV1hL8zX8LIu6ZiVHWLIQ=
 github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5/go.mod h1:1jcaCB/ufaK+sKp1NBhlGmpz41jOoPQ35bpF36t7BBo=
 github.com/FactomProject/basen v0.0.0-20150613233007-fe3947df716e h1:ahyvB3q25YnZWly5Gq1ekg6jcmWaGj/vG/MhF4aisoc=
@@ -15,43 +15,43 @@ github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.1.1 h1:hLg3sBzpNErnxhQtUy/mmLR2I9foDujNK030I
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.1.1/go.mod h1:VPu/7SZ7ePZ3QOrcuXROw5FAcLl4a0cBrbBpGY/8hQs=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 h1:F2VQgta7ecxGYO8k3ZZz3RS8fVIXVxONVUPlNERoyfY=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2/go.mod h1:yd8OoFMLzJbo9gZq8j5qaps8bJ9aShtEA8Ipt1oGCvU=
-github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251208031133-be43a854e4be h1:1LtMLkGIqE5IQZ7Vdh4zv8A6LECInKF86/fTVxKxYLE=
-github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251208031133-be43a854e4be/go.mod h1:ioLG6R+5bUSO1oeGSDxOV3FADARuMoytZCSX6MEMQkI=
+github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20260225065256-91dd007ecddc h1:1stW1OipdBj8Me+nj26SzT8yil7OYve0r3cWobzk1JQ=
+github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20260225065256-91dd007ecddc/go.mod h1:ioLG6R+5bUSO1oeGSDxOV3FADARuMoytZCSX6MEMQkI=
 github.com/RaveNoX/go-jsoncommentstrip v1.0.0/go.mod h1:78ihd09MekBnJnxpICcwzCMzGrKSKYe4AqU6PDYYpjk=
 github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0 h1:AW4mheMR5Vd9FkAPUv+NH6Nhw+fmbTMGMsNAoA/+4G0=
 github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0/go.mod h1:hHXhl4DA2fTL2HTZDJFXWgW0LNjo6B+4aj2Wmng3TjU=
 github.com/apapsch/go-jsonmerge/v2 v2.0.0 h1:axGnT1gRIfimI7gJifB699GoE/oq+F2MU7Dml6nw9rQ=
 github.com/apapsch/go-jsonmerge/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:lvDnEdqiQrp0O42VQGgmlKpxL1AP2+08jFMw88y4klk=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.0 h1:tNvqh1s+v0vFYdA1xq0aOJH+Y5cRyZ5upu6roPgPKd4=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.0/go.mod h1:MayyLB8y+buD9hZqkCW3kX1AKq07Y5pXxtgB+rRFhz0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.5 h1:pz3duhAfUgnxbtVhIK39PGF/AHYyrzGEyRD9Og0QrE8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.5/go.mod h1:xmDjzSUs/d0BB7ClzYPAZMmgQdrodNjPPhd6bGASwoE=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.5 h1:xMo63RlqP3ZZydpJDMBsH9uJ10hgHYfQFIk1cHDXrR4=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.5/go.mod h1:hhbH6oRcou+LpXfA/0vPElh/e0M3aFeOblE1sssAAEk=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.16 h1:80+uETIWS1BqjnN9uJ0dBUaETh+P1XwFy5vwHwK5r9k=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.16/go.mod h1:wOOsYuxYuB/7FlnVtzeBYRcjSRtQpAW0hCP7tIULMwo=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.16 h1:rgGwPzb82iBYSvHMHXc8h9mRoOUBZIGFgKb9qniaZZc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.16/go.mod h1:L/UxsGeKpGoIj6DxfhOWHWQ/kGKcd4I1VncE4++IyKA=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.16 h1:1jtGzuV7c82xnqOVfx2F0xmJcOw5374L7N6juGW6x6U=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.16/go.mod h1:M2E5OQf+XLe+SZGmmpaI2yy+J326aFf6/+54PoxSANc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.2 h1:LuT2rzqNQsauaGkPK/7813XxcZ3o3yePY0Iy891T2ls=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.2/go.mod h1:IvvlAZQXvTXznUPfRVfryiG1fbzE2NGK6m9u39YQ+S4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.10 h1:9DMthfO6XWZYLfzZglAgW5Fyou2nRI5CuV44sTedKBI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.32.10/go.mod h1:2rUIOnA2JaiqYmSKYmRJlcMWy6qTj1vuRFscppSBMcw=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.10 h1:EEhmEUFCE1Yhl7vDhNOI5OCL/iKMdkkYFTRpZXNw7m8=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.19.10/go.mod h1:RnnlFCAlxQCkN2Q379B67USkBMu1PipEEiibzYN5UTE=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.18 h1:Ii4s+Sq3yDfaMLpjrJsqD6SmG/Wq/P5L/hw2qa78UAY=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.18/go.mod h1:6x81qnY++ovptLE6nWQeWrpXxbnlIex+4H4eYYGcqfc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.18 h1:F43zk1vemYIqPAwhjTjYIz0irU2EY7sOb/F5eJ3HuyM=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.18/go.mod h1:w1jdlZXrGKaJcNoL+Nnrj+k5wlpGXqnNrKoP22HvAug=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.18 h1:xCeWVjj0ki0l3nruoyP2slHsGArMxeiiaoPN5QZH6YQ=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.18/go.mod h1:r/eLGuGCBw6l36ZRWiw6PaZwPXb6YOj+i/7MizNl5/k=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.4 h1:WKuaxf++XKWlHWu9ECbMlha8WOEGm0OUEZqm4K/Gcfk=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.4/go.mod h1:ZWy7j6v1vWGmPReu0iSGvRiise4YI5SkR3OHKTZ6Wuc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.4 h1:0ryTNEdJbzUCEWkVXEXoqlXV72J5keC1GvILMOuD00E=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.4/go.mod h1:HQ4qwNZh32C3CBeO6iJLQlgtMzqeG17ziAA/3KDJFow=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.16 h1:oHjJHeUy0ImIV0bsrX0X91GkV5nJAyv1l1CC9lnO0TI=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.16/go.mod h1:iRSNGgOYmiYwSCXxXaKb9HfOEj40+oTKn8pTxMlYkRM=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/kms v1.49.4 h1:2gom8MohxN0SnhHZBYAC4S8jHG+ENEnXjyJ5xKe3vLc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/kms v1.49.4/go.mod h1:HO31s0qt0lso/ADvZQyzKs8js/ku0fMHsfyXW8OPVYc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.4 h1:HpI7aMmJ+mm1wkSHIA2t5EaFFv5EFYXePW30p1EIrbQ=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.4/go.mod h1:C5RdGMYGlfM0gYq/tifqgn4EbyX99V15P2V3R+VHbQU=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.30.7 h1:eYnlt6QxnFINKzwxP5/Ucs1vkG7VT3Iezmvfgc2waUw=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.30.7/go.mod h1:+fWt2UHSb4kS7Pu8y+BMBvJF0EWx+4H0hzNwtDNRTrg=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.12 h1:AHDr0DaHIAo8c9t1emrzAlVDFp+iMMKnPdYy6XO4MCE=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.12/go.mod h1:GQ73XawFFiWxyWXMHWfhiomvP3tXtdNar/fi8z18sx0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.5 h1:SciGFVNZ4mHdm7gpD1dgZYnCuVdX1s+lFTg4+4DOy70=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.5/go.mod h1:iW40X4QBmUxdP+fZNOpfmkdMZqsovezbAeO+Ubiv2pk=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.0 h1:LpilSUItNPFr1eY85RYgTIg5eIEPtvFbskaFcmmIUnk=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.0/go.mod h1:LEj2LM3rBRQJxPZTB4KuzZkaZYnZPnvgIhb4pu07mx0=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.5 h1:CeY9LUdur+Dxoeldqoun6y4WtJ3RQtzk0JMP2gfUay0=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.5/go.mod h1:AZLZf2fMaahW5s/wMRciu1sYbdsikT/UHwbUjOdEVTc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.18 h1:LTRCYFlnnKFlKsyIQxKhJuDuA3ZkrDQMRYm6rXiHlLY=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.18/go.mod h1:XhwkgGG6bHSd00nO/mexWTcTjgd6PjuvWQMqSn2UaEk=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/kms v1.50.1 h1:wb/PYYm3wlcqGzw7Ls4GD3X5+seDDoNdVYIB6I/V87E=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/kms v1.50.1/go.mod h1:xvHowJ6J9CuaFE04S8fitWQXytf4sHz3DTPGhw9FtmU=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.6 h1:MzORe+J94I+hYu2a6XmV5yC9huoTv8NRcCrUNedDypQ=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/signin v1.0.6/go.mod h1:hXzcHLARD7GeWnifd8j9RWqtfIgxj4/cAtIVIK7hg8g=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.30.11 h1:7oGD8KPfBOJGXiCoRKrrrQkbvCp8N++u36hrLMPey6o=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.30.11/go.mod h1:0DO9B5EUJQlIDif+XJRWCljZRKsAFKh3gpFz7UnDtOo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.15 h1:edCcNp9eGIUDUCrzoCu1jWAXLGFIizeqkdkKgRlJwWc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.35.15/go.mod h1:lyRQKED9xWfgkYC/wmmYfv7iVIM68Z5OQ88ZdcV1QbU=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.7 h1:NITQpgo9A5NrDZ57uOWj+abvXSb83BbyggcUBVksN7c=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.41.7/go.mod h1:sks5UWBhEuWYDPdwlnRFn1w7xWdH29Jcpe+/PJQefEs=
+github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.1 h1:VbyeNfmYkWoxMVpGUAbQumkODcYmfMRfZ8yQiH30SK0=
+github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.24.1/go.mod h1:LEj2LM3rBRQJxPZTB4KuzZkaZYnZPnvgIhb4pu07mx0=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.24.4 h1:95H15Og1clikBrKr/DuzMXkQzECs1M6hhoGXLwLQOZE=
@@ -88,10 +88,8 @@ github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20190719114852-fd7a80b32e1f/go.mod h1:F5haX7
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6/go.mod h1:oOW0eioCTA6cOiMLiUPZOpcVxMig6NIQQ7OS05n1F4g=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.7 h1:zbFlGlXEAKlwXpmvle3d8Oe3YnkKIK4xSRTd3sHPnBo=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.7/go.mod h1:oOW0eioCTA6cOiMLiUPZOpcVxMig6NIQQ7OS05n1F4g=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 h1:WzDGjHk4gFg6YzV0rJOAsTK4z3Qkz5jd4RE3DAvPFkg=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a h1:W8mUrRp6NOVl3J+MYp5kPMoUZPp7aOYHtaua31lwRHg=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a/go.mod h1:sTwzHBvIzm2RfVCGNEBZgRyjwK40bVoun3ZnGOCafNM=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.5.0 h1:FYRiJMJG2iv+2Dy3fi14SVGjcPteZ5HAAUe4YWlJygc=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.5.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.7/go.mod h1:lj5s0c3V2DBrqTV7llrYr5NG6My20zk30Fl46Y7DoTY=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
@@ -103,8 +101,8 @@ github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.8.0 h1:swm0rlPCmdWn9mESxKOjWk8hXSqoxOp+Zlfu
 github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.8.0/go.mod h1:VAky9rY/yGXJOLEDv3OMci+7wtDpOF4IN+y82NBOac4=
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@@ -121,14 +119,12 @@ github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 h1:69rxXcBk27SvSaaxTtLh/8llcHD8vYHT7WSdRZ/jvr4
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@@ -145,10 +141,11 @@ github.com/getkin/kin-openapi v0.124.0 h1:VSFNMB9C9rTKBnQ/fpyDU8ytMTr4dWI9QovSKj
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@@ -165,8 +162,8 @@ github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.3/go.mod h1:qn46aNg1333BRMNU69Lq93t8du/dwxI6
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@@ -181,8 +178,8 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 h1:i7eJL8qZTpSEXOPTxNKhASYpMn+8e5Q6AdndVa1dWek
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@@ -190,6 +187,10 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
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@@ -267,8 +268,8 @@ github.com/jackc/pgx/v4 v4.12.1-0.20210724153913-640aa07df17c/go.mod h1:1QD0+tgS
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@@ -303,10 +304,10 @@ github.com/lib/pq v1.0.0/go.mod h1:5WUZQaWbwv1U+lTReE5YruASi9Al49XbQIvNi/34Woo=
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@@ -340,8 +341,6 @@ github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0 h1:nP9CBfwrvYnBRgY6qfDQkygYDmYwOilePFkwzv4dU8A=
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@@ -381,8 +380,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0/go.mod h1:+pB4zwohETzFnmlpe6yd2lSc+0/46IYZRB
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@@ -455,16 +454,18 @@ github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5t
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-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 h1:mvwbQS5m0tbmqML4NqK+e3aDiO02vsf/WgbsdpcPoZE=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0/go.mod h1:04wGrZurHYKOc+RKeye86GwKiTb9FKm1WHtO+4EVr2E=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 h1:HLdcFNbRQBE2imdSEgm/kwqmQj1Or1l/7bW6mxVK7z4=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0/go.mod h1:TlgrlQ+PtQO5XFerSPUYG0JSgGyryXewPGyayAWSBS0=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.40.0 h1:oA5YeOcpRTXq6NN7frwmwFR0Cn3RhTVZvXsP4duvCms=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.40.0/go.mod h1:IMb+uXZUKkMXdPddhwAHm6UfOwJyh4ct1ybIlV14J0g=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.40.0 h1:rcZe317KPftE2rstWIBitCdVp89A2HqjkxR3c11+p9g=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.40.0/go.mod h1:ib/crwQH7N3r5kfiBZQbwrTge743UDc7DTFVZrrXnqc=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.39.0 h1:nMLYcjVsvdui1B/4FRkwjzoRVsMK8uL/cj0OyhKzt18=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.39.0/go.mod h1:vDojkC4/jsTJsE+kh+LXYQlbL8CgrEcwmt1ENZszdJE=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.40.0 h1:WA4etStDttCSYuhwvEa8OP8I5EWu24lkOzp+ZYblVjw=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.40.0/go.mod h1:zeAhriXecNGP/s2SEG3+Y8X9ujcJOTqQ5RgdEJcawiA=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.3.2/go.mod h1:gD2HeocX3+yG+ygLZcrzQJaqmWj9AIm7n08wl/qW/PE=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.4.0/go.mod h1:gD2HeocX3+yG+ygLZcrzQJaqmWj9AIm7n08wl/qW/PE=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.5.0/go.mod h1:sABNBOSYdrvTF6hTgEIbc7YasKWGhgEQZyfxyTvoXHQ=
@@ -491,8 +492,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5y
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.19.0/go.mod h1:Iy9bg/ha4yyC70EfRS8jz+B6ybOBKMaSxLj6P6oBDfU=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.20.0/go.mod h1:Xwo95rrVNIoSMx9wa1JroENMToLWn3RNVrTBpLHgZPQ=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.46.0 h1:cKRW/pmt1pKAfetfu+RCEvjvZkA9RimPbh7bhFjGVBU=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.46.0/go.mod h1:Evb/oLKmMraqjZ2iQTwDwvCtJkczlDuTmdJXoZVzqU0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.48.0 h1:/VRzVqiRSggnhY7gNRxPauEQ5Drw9haKdM0jqfcCFts=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.48.0/go.mod h1:r0kV5h3qnFPlQnBSrULhlsRfryS2pmewsg+XfMgkVos=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250305212735-054e65f0b394 h1:nDVHiLt8aIbd/VzvPWN6kSOPE7+F/fNFDSXLVYkE/Iw=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250305212735-054e65f0b394/go.mod h1:sIifuuw/Yco/y6yb6+bDNfyeQ/MdPUy/hKEMYQV17cM=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190930215403-16217165b5de/go.mod h1:6SW0HCj/g11FgYtHlgUYUwCkIfeOF89ocIRzGO/8vkc=
@@ -500,8 +501,8 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.0.0-20190513183733-4bf6d317e70e/go.mod h1:mXi4GBBbnImb6dmsKG
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.30.0 h1:fDEXFVZ/fmCKProc/yAXXUijritrDzahmwwefnjoPFk=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.30.0/go.mod h1:lAsf5O2EvJeSFMiBxXDki7sCgAxEUcZHXoXMKT4GJKc=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.32.0 h1:9F4d3PHLljb6x//jOyokMv3eX+YDeepZSEo3mFJy93c=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.32.0/go.mod h1:SgipZ/3h2Ci89DlEtEXWUk/HteuRin+HHhN+WbNhguU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190311183353-d8887717615a/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
@@ -511,8 +512,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220722155237-a158d28d115b/go.mod h1:XRhObCWvk6IyKnWLug
 golang.org/x/net v0.6.0/go.mod h1:2Tu9+aMcznHK/AK1HMvgo6xiTLG5rD5rZLDS+rp2Bjs=
 golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
-golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 h1:Mx+4dIFzqraBXUugkia1OOvlD6LemFo1ALMHjrXDOhY=
-golang.org/x/net v0.47.0/go.mod h1:/jNxtkgq5yWUGYkaZGqo27cfGZ1c5Nen03aYrrKpVRU=
+golang.org/x/net v0.49.0 h1:eeHFmOGUTtaaPSGNmjBKpbng9MulQsJURQUAfUwY++o=
+golang.org/x/net v0.49.0/go.mod h1:/ysNB2EvaqvesRkuLAyjI1ycPZlQHM3q01F02UY/MV8=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -537,8 +538,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.1.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0 h1:CvCKL8MeisomCi6qNZ+wbb0DN9E5AATixKsvNtMoMFk=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0 h1:Ivj+2Cp/ylzLiEU89QhWblYnOE9zerudt9Ftecq2C6k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
@@ -554,8 +555,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
-golang.org/x/text v0.32.0 h1:ZD01bjUt1FQ9WJ0ClOL5vxgxOI/sVCNgX1YtKwcY0mU=
-golang.org/x/text v0.32.0/go.mod h1:o/rUWzghvpD5TXrTIBuJU77MTaN0ljMWE47kxGJQ7jY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.34.0 h1:oL/Qq0Kdaqxa1KbNeMKwQq0reLCCaFtqu2eNuSeNHbk=
+golang.org/x/text v0.34.0/go.mod h1:homfLqTYRFyVYemLBFl5GgL/DWEiH5wcsQ5gSh1yziA=
 golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
 golang.org/x/time v0.12.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
@@ -569,15 +570,15 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtn
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200103221440-774c71fcf114/go.mod h1:TB2adYChydJhpapKDTa4BR/hXlZSLoq2Wpct/0txZ28=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.39.0 h1:ik4ho21kwuQln40uelmciQPp9SipgNDdrafrYA4TmQQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.39.0/go.mod h1:JnefbkDPyD8UU2kI5fuf8ZX4/yUeh9W877ZeBONxUqQ=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.41.0 h1:a9b8iMweWG+S0OBnlU36rzLp20z1Rp10w+IY2czHTQc=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.41.0/go.mod h1:XSY6eDqxVNiYgezAVqqCeihT4j1U2CCsqvH3WhQpnlg=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190410155217-1f06c39b4373/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190513163551-3ee3066db522/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7 h1:IgrO7UwFQGJdRNXH/sQux4R1Dj1WAKcLElzeeRaXV2A=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 h1:fV6ZwhNocDyBLK0dj+fg8ektcVegBBuEolpbTQyBNVE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/application.go b/internal/repository/postgres/application.go
index a30ce142c..bccbc979f 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/application.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/application.go
@@ -572,9 +572,8 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) ListApplications(
 	}
 	if f.DataAvailability != nil {
 		conditions = append(conditions,
-			postgres.SUBSTR(
-				table.Application.DataAvailability, postgres.Int(1), postgres.Int(4), // nolint: mnd
-			).EQ(postgres.Bytea(f.DataAvailability[:])))
+			SubstrBytea(table.Application.DataAvailability, 1, 4).EQ(postgres.Bytea(f.DataAvailability[:])), //nolint:mnd
+		)
 	}
 	if f.ConsensusType != nil {
 		conditions = append(conditions, table.Application.ConsensusType.EQ(postgres.NewEnumValue(f.ConsensusType.String())))
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/bulk.go b/internal/repository/postgres/bulk.go
index 1402a153c..281acd79c 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/bulk.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/bulk.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/go-jet/jet/v2/postgres"
-	"github.com/jackc/pgtype"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 
 	"github.com/cartesi/rollups-node/internal/model"
@@ -25,30 +24,13 @@ func byteSliceToHashSlice(b [][32]byte) []common.Hash {
 	return *(*[]common.Hash)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
 }
 
-func encodeSiblings(siblings []common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
-	// 1) Make a slice of []byte
-	arr := make([][]byte, 0, len(siblings))
-	for _, h := range siblings {
-		// h is [32]byte
-		// we must copy it into a slice of bytes
-		copyH := make([]byte, len(h))
-		copy(copyH, h[:])
-		arr = append(arr, copyH)
+func encodeSiblings(siblings []common.Hash) [][]byte {
+	arr := make([][]byte, len(siblings))
+	for i, h := range siblings {
+		arr[i] = make([]byte, len(h))
+		copy(arr[i], h[:])
 	}
-
-	// 2) Use pgtype.ByteaArray and call Set with [][]byte
-	var pgSiblings pgtype.ByteaArray
-	if err := pgSiblings.Set(arr); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to set ByteaArray: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// 3) Encode it as text (the Postgres array string, e.g. '{\\x...,\\x..., ...}')
-	encoded, err := pgSiblings.EncodeText(nil, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to encode ByteaArray: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return encoded, nil
+	return arr
 }
 
 func getOutputNextIndex(
@@ -281,8 +263,8 @@ func updateInput(
 		).
 		SET(
 			status,
-			machineHash,
-			outputsHash,
+			machineHash[:],
+			outputsHash[:],
 		).
 		WHERE(
 			table.Input.EpochApplicationID.EQ(postgres.Int64(appID)).
@@ -310,10 +292,6 @@ func updateEpochOutputsMerkleProof(
 	machineHash common.Hash,
 ) error {
 
-	proof, err := encodeSiblings(outputsHashProof)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to serialize epoch '%d' OutputsMerkleProof. %w", epochIndex, err)
-	}
 	updStmt := table.Epoch.
 		UPDATE(
 			table.Epoch.OutputsMerkleRoot,
@@ -321,9 +299,9 @@ func updateEpochOutputsMerkleProof(
 			table.Epoch.MachineHash,
 		).
 		SET(
-			outputsHash,
-			proof,
-			machineHash,
+			outputsHash[:],
+			encodeSiblings(outputsHashProof),
+			machineHash[:],
 		).
 		WHERE(
 			table.Epoch.ApplicationID.EQ(postgres.Int64(appID)).
@@ -429,14 +407,6 @@ func updateEpochClaim(
 	e *model.Epoch,
 ) error {
 
-	commitmentProof, err := encodeSiblings(e.CommitmentProof)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Join(
-			fmt.Errorf("failed to serialize epoch '%d' OutputsMerkleProof. %w", e.Index, err),
-			tx.Rollback(ctx),
-		)
-	}
-
 	updStmt := table.Epoch.
 		UPDATE(
 			table.Epoch.Commitment,
@@ -444,8 +414,8 @@ func updateEpochClaim(
 			table.Epoch.Status,
 		).
 		SET(
-			e.Commitment,
-			commitmentProof,
+			hashToBytes(e.Commitment),
+			encodeSiblings(e.CommitmentProof),
 			postgres.NewEnumValue(model.EpochStatus_ClaimComputed.String()),
 		).
 		WHERE(
@@ -476,22 +446,14 @@ func updateOutputs(
 	outputs []*model.Output,
 ) error {
 	for _, output := range outputs {
-		siblings, err := encodeSiblings(output.OutputHashesSiblings)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Join(
-				fmt.Errorf("failed to serialize outputHashesSiblings for output '%d'. %w", output.Index, err),
-				tx.Rollback(ctx),
-			)
-		}
-
 		updStmt := table.Output.
 			UPDATE(
 				table.Output.Hash,
 				table.Output.OutputHashesSiblings,
 			).
 			SET(
-				output.Hash,
-				siblings,
+				hashToBytes(output.Hash),
+				encodeSiblings(output.OutputHashesSiblings),
 			).
 			WHERE(
 				table.Output.InputEpochApplicationID.EQ(postgres.Int64(output.InputEpochApplicationID)).
@@ -566,11 +528,11 @@ func insertCommitments(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, appID int64, commitments
 			appID,
 			c.EpochIndex,
 			c.TournamentAddress,
-			c.Commitment,
-			c.FinalStateHash,
-			c.SubmitterAddress,
+			c.Commitment[:],
+			c.FinalStateHash[:],
+			c.SubmitterAddress[:],
 			c.BlockNumber,
-			c.TxHash,
+			c.TxHash[:],
 		)
 	}
 
@@ -606,10 +568,10 @@ func insertMatches(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, appID int64, matches []*model
 		stmt = stmt.VALUES(
 			appID,
 			m.EpochIndex,
-			m.TournamentAddress,
-			m.IDHash,
-			m.CommitmentOne,
-			m.CommitmentTwo,
+			m.TournamentAddress[:],
+			m.IDHash[:],
+			m.CommitmentOne[:],
+			m.CommitmentTwo[:],
 			m.LeftOfTwo,
 			m.BlockNumber,
 			m.TxHash,
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/claimer.go b/internal/repository/postgres/claimer.go
index 69c63855f..746986938 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/claimer.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/claimer.go
@@ -190,7 +190,6 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) selectNewestAcceptedClaimPerApp(
 
 	epochs := map[int64]*model.Epoch{}
 	for rows.Next() {
-		var application model.Application
 		var epoch model.Epoch
 		err := rows.Scan(
 			&epoch.ApplicationID,
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) selectNewestAcceptedClaimPerApp(
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		epochs[application.ID] = &epoch
+		epochs[epoch.ApplicationID] = &epoch
 	}
 	return epochs, nil
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/application.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/application.go
index 851f7cd6b..8a855c89c 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/application.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/application.go
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ type applicationTable struct {
 	// Columns
 	ID                       postgres.ColumnInteger
 	Name                     postgres.ColumnString
-	IapplicationAddress      postgres.ColumnString
-	IconsensusAddress        postgres.ColumnString
-	IinputboxAddress         postgres.ColumnString
+	IapplicationAddress      postgres.ColumnBytea
+	IconsensusAddress        postgres.ColumnBytea
+	IinputboxAddress         postgres.ColumnBytea
 	IinputboxBlock           postgres.ColumnFloat
-	TemplateHash             postgres.ColumnString
+	TemplateHash             postgres.ColumnBytea
 	TemplateURI              postgres.ColumnString
 	EpochLength              postgres.ColumnFloat
-	DataAvailability         postgres.ColumnString
+	DataAvailability         postgres.ColumnBytea
 	ConsensusType            postgres.ColumnString
 	State                    postgres.ColumnString
 	Reason                   postgres.ColumnString
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ type applicationTable struct {
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type ApplicationTable struct {
@@ -79,14 +80,14 @@ func newApplicationTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) applicationTab
 	var (
 		IDColumn                       = postgres.IntegerColumn("id")
 		NameColumn                     = postgres.StringColumn("name")
-		IapplicationAddressColumn      = postgres.StringColumn("iapplication_address")
-		IconsensusAddressColumn        = postgres.StringColumn("iconsensus_address")
-		IinputboxAddressColumn         = postgres.StringColumn("iinputbox_address")
+		IapplicationAddressColumn      = postgres.ByteaColumn("iapplication_address")
+		IconsensusAddressColumn        = postgres.ByteaColumn("iconsensus_address")
+		IinputboxAddressColumn         = postgres.ByteaColumn("iinputbox_address")
 		IinputboxBlockColumn           = postgres.FloatColumn("iinputbox_block")
-		TemplateHashColumn             = postgres.StringColumn("template_hash")
+		TemplateHashColumn             = postgres.ByteaColumn("template_hash")
 		TemplateURIColumn              = postgres.StringColumn("template_uri")
 		EpochLengthColumn              = postgres.FloatColumn("epoch_length")
-		DataAvailabilityColumn         = postgres.StringColumn("data_availability")
+		DataAvailabilityColumn         = postgres.ByteaColumn("data_availability")
 		ConsensusTypeColumn            = postgres.StringColumn("consensus_type")
 		StateColumn                    = postgres.StringColumn("state")
 		ReasonColumn                   = postgres.StringColumn("reason")
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ func newApplicationTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) applicationTab
 		UpdatedAtColumn                = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                     = postgres.ColumnList{IDColumn, NameColumn, IapplicationAddressColumn, IconsensusAddressColumn, IinputboxAddressColumn, IinputboxBlockColumn, TemplateHashColumn, TemplateURIColumn, EpochLengthColumn, DataAvailabilityColumn, ConsensusTypeColumn, StateColumn, ReasonColumn, LastEpochCheckBlockColumn, LastInputCheckBlockColumn, LastOutputCheckBlockColumn, LastTournamentCheckBlockColumn, ProcessedInputsColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns                 = postgres.ColumnList{NameColumn, IapplicationAddressColumn, IconsensusAddressColumn, IinputboxAddressColumn, IinputboxBlockColumn, TemplateHashColumn, TemplateURIColumn, EpochLengthColumn, DataAvailabilityColumn, ConsensusTypeColumn, StateColumn, ReasonColumn, LastEpochCheckBlockColumn, LastInputCheckBlockColumn, LastOutputCheckBlockColumn, LastTournamentCheckBlockColumn, ProcessedInputsColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns                 = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return applicationTable{
@@ -128,5 +130,6 @@ func newApplicationTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) applicationTab
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/commitments.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/commitments.go
index b67772afa..6f2aec2fd 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/commitments.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/commitments.go
@@ -19,17 +19,18 @@ type commitmentsTable struct {
 	// Columns
 	ApplicationID     postgres.ColumnInteger
 	EpochIndex        postgres.ColumnFloat
-	TournamentAddress postgres.ColumnString
-	Commitment        postgres.ColumnString
-	FinalStateHash    postgres.ColumnString
-	SubmitterAddress  postgres.ColumnString
+	TournamentAddress postgres.ColumnBytea
+	Commitment        postgres.ColumnBytea
+	FinalStateHash    postgres.ColumnBytea
+	SubmitterAddress  postgres.ColumnBytea
 	BlockNumber       postgres.ColumnFloat
-	TxHash            postgres.ColumnString
+	TxHash            postgres.ColumnBytea
 	CreatedAt         postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 	UpdatedAt         postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type CommitmentsTable struct {
@@ -69,16 +70,17 @@ func newCommitmentsTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) commitmentsTab
 	var (
 		ApplicationIDColumn     = postgres.IntegerColumn("application_id")
 		EpochIndexColumn        = postgres.FloatColumn("epoch_index")
-		TournamentAddressColumn = postgres.StringColumn("tournament_address")
-		CommitmentColumn        = postgres.StringColumn("commitment")
-		FinalStateHashColumn    = postgres.StringColumn("final_state_hash")
-		SubmitterAddressColumn  = postgres.StringColumn("submitter_address")
+		TournamentAddressColumn = postgres.ByteaColumn("tournament_address")
+		CommitmentColumn        = postgres.ByteaColumn("commitment")
+		FinalStateHashColumn    = postgres.ByteaColumn("final_state_hash")
+		SubmitterAddressColumn  = postgres.ByteaColumn("submitter_address")
 		BlockNumberColumn       = postgres.FloatColumn("block_number")
-		TxHashColumn            = postgres.StringColumn("tx_hash")
+		TxHashColumn            = postgres.ByteaColumn("tx_hash")
 		CreatedAtColumn         = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn         = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns              = postgres.ColumnList{ApplicationIDColumn, EpochIndexColumn, TournamentAddressColumn, CommitmentColumn, FinalStateHashColumn, SubmitterAddressColumn, BlockNumberColumn, TxHashColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns          = postgres.ColumnList{FinalStateHashColumn, SubmitterAddressColumn, BlockNumberColumn, TxHashColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns          = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return commitmentsTable{
@@ -98,5 +100,6 @@ func newCommitmentsTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) commitmentsTab
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/epoch.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/epoch.go
index 5e7d95d7d..091e788f6 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/epoch.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/epoch.go
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ type epochTable struct {
 	LastBlock            postgres.ColumnFloat
 	InputIndexLowerBound postgres.ColumnFloat
 	InputIndexUpperBound postgres.ColumnFloat
-	MachineHash          postgres.ColumnString
-	OutputsMerkleRoot    postgres.ColumnString
-	OutputsMerkleProof   postgres.ColumnString
-	Commitment           postgres.ColumnString
-	CommitmentProof      postgres.ColumnString
-	TournamentAddress    postgres.ColumnString
-	ClaimTransactionHash postgres.ColumnString
+	MachineHash          postgres.ColumnBytea
+	OutputsMerkleRoot    postgres.ColumnBytea
+	OutputsMerkleProof   postgres.ColumnByteaArray
+	Commitment           postgres.ColumnBytea
+	CommitmentProof      postgres.ColumnByteaArray
+	TournamentAddress    postgres.ColumnBytea
+	ClaimTransactionHash postgres.ColumnBytea
 	Status               postgres.ColumnString
 	VirtualIndex         postgres.ColumnFloat
 	CreatedAt            postgres.ColumnTimestampz
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ type epochTable struct {
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type EpochTable struct {
@@ -80,19 +81,20 @@ func newEpochTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) epochTable {
 		LastBlockColumn            = postgres.FloatColumn("last_block")
 		InputIndexLowerBoundColumn = postgres.FloatColumn("input_index_lower_bound")
 		InputIndexUpperBoundColumn = postgres.FloatColumn("input_index_upper_bound")
-		MachineHashColumn          = postgres.StringColumn("machine_hash")
-		OutputsMerkleRootColumn    = postgres.StringColumn("outputs_merkle_root")
-		OutputsMerkleProofColumn   = postgres.StringColumn("outputs_merkle_proof")
-		CommitmentColumn           = postgres.StringColumn("commitment")
-		CommitmentProofColumn      = postgres.StringColumn("commitment_proof")
-		TournamentAddressColumn    = postgres.StringColumn("tournament_address")
-		ClaimTransactionHashColumn = postgres.StringColumn("claim_transaction_hash")
+		MachineHashColumn          = postgres.ByteaColumn("machine_hash")
+		OutputsMerkleRootColumn    = postgres.ByteaColumn("outputs_merkle_root")
+		OutputsMerkleProofColumn   = postgres.ByteaArrayColumn("outputs_merkle_proof")
+		CommitmentColumn           = postgres.ByteaColumn("commitment")
+		CommitmentProofColumn      = postgres.ByteaArrayColumn("commitment_proof")
+		TournamentAddressColumn    = postgres.ByteaColumn("tournament_address")
+		ClaimTransactionHashColumn = postgres.ByteaColumn("claim_transaction_hash")
 		StatusColumn               = postgres.StringColumn("status")
 		VirtualIndexColumn         = postgres.FloatColumn("virtual_index")
 		CreatedAtColumn            = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn            = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                 = postgres.ColumnList{ApplicationIDColumn, IndexColumn, FirstBlockColumn, LastBlockColumn, InputIndexLowerBoundColumn, InputIndexUpperBoundColumn, MachineHashColumn, OutputsMerkleRootColumn, OutputsMerkleProofColumn, CommitmentColumn, CommitmentProofColumn, TournamentAddressColumn, ClaimTransactionHashColumn, StatusColumn, VirtualIndexColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns             = postgres.ColumnList{FirstBlockColumn, LastBlockColumn, InputIndexLowerBoundColumn, InputIndexUpperBoundColumn, MachineHashColumn, OutputsMerkleRootColumn, OutputsMerkleProofColumn, CommitmentColumn, CommitmentProofColumn, TournamentAddressColumn, ClaimTransactionHashColumn, StatusColumn, VirtualIndexColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns             = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return epochTable{
@@ -119,5 +121,6 @@ func newEpochTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) epochTable {
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/execution_parameters.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/execution_parameters.go
index 1b8e426d4..9487582f5 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/execution_parameters.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/execution_parameters.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ type executionParametersTable struct {
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type ExecutionParametersTable struct {
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ func newExecutionParametersTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) execut
 		UpdatedAtColumn             = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                  = postgres.ColumnList{ApplicationIDColumn, SnapshotPolicyColumn, AdvanceIncCyclesColumn, AdvanceMaxCyclesColumn, InspectIncCyclesColumn, InspectMaxCyclesColumn, AdvanceIncDeadlineColumn, AdvanceMaxDeadlineColumn, InspectIncDeadlineColumn, InspectMaxDeadlineColumn, LoadDeadlineColumn, StoreDeadlineColumn, FastDeadlineColumn, MaxConcurrentInspectsColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns              = postgres.ColumnList{SnapshotPolicyColumn, AdvanceIncCyclesColumn, AdvanceMaxCyclesColumn, InspectIncCyclesColumn, InspectMaxCyclesColumn, AdvanceIncDeadlineColumn, AdvanceMaxDeadlineColumn, InspectIncDeadlineColumn, InspectMaxDeadlineColumn, LoadDeadlineColumn, StoreDeadlineColumn, FastDeadlineColumn, MaxConcurrentInspectsColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns              = postgres.ColumnList{SnapshotPolicyColumn, AdvanceIncCyclesColumn, AdvanceMaxCyclesColumn, InspectIncCyclesColumn, InspectMaxCyclesColumn, AdvanceIncDeadlineColumn, AdvanceMaxDeadlineColumn, InspectIncDeadlineColumn, InspectMaxDeadlineColumn, LoadDeadlineColumn, StoreDeadlineColumn, FastDeadlineColumn, MaxConcurrentInspectsColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return executionParametersTable{
@@ -116,5 +118,6 @@ func newExecutionParametersTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) execut
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/input.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/input.go
index bcc74d676..d78792d95 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/input.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/input.go
@@ -21,17 +21,18 @@ type inputTable struct {
 	EpochIndex           postgres.ColumnFloat
 	Index                postgres.ColumnFloat
 	BlockNumber          postgres.ColumnFloat
-	RawData              postgres.ColumnString
+	RawData              postgres.ColumnBytea
 	Status               postgres.ColumnString
-	MachineHash          postgres.ColumnString
-	OutputsHash          postgres.ColumnString
-	TransactionReference postgres.ColumnString
+	MachineHash          postgres.ColumnBytea
+	OutputsHash          postgres.ColumnBytea
+	TransactionReference postgres.ColumnBytea
 	SnapshotURI          postgres.ColumnString
 	CreatedAt            postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 	UpdatedAt            postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type InputTable struct {
@@ -73,16 +74,17 @@ func newInputTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) inputTable {
 		EpochIndexColumn           = postgres.FloatColumn("epoch_index")
 		IndexColumn                = postgres.FloatColumn("index")
 		BlockNumberColumn          = postgres.FloatColumn("block_number")
-		RawDataColumn              = postgres.StringColumn("raw_data")
+		RawDataColumn              = postgres.ByteaColumn("raw_data")
 		StatusColumn               = postgres.StringColumn("status")
-		MachineHashColumn          = postgres.StringColumn("machine_hash")
-		OutputsHashColumn          = postgres.StringColumn("outputs_hash")
-		TransactionReferenceColumn = postgres.StringColumn("transaction_reference")
+		MachineHashColumn          = postgres.ByteaColumn("machine_hash")
+		OutputsHashColumn          = postgres.ByteaColumn("outputs_hash")
+		TransactionReferenceColumn = postgres.ByteaColumn("transaction_reference")
 		SnapshotURIColumn          = postgres.StringColumn("snapshot_uri")
 		CreatedAtColumn            = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn            = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                 = postgres.ColumnList{EpochApplicationIDColumn, EpochIndexColumn, IndexColumn, BlockNumberColumn, RawDataColumn, StatusColumn, MachineHashColumn, OutputsHashColumn, TransactionReferenceColumn, SnapshotURIColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns             = postgres.ColumnList{EpochIndexColumn, BlockNumberColumn, RawDataColumn, StatusColumn, MachineHashColumn, OutputsHashColumn, TransactionReferenceColumn, SnapshotURIColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns             = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return inputTable{
@@ -104,5 +106,6 @@ func newInputTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) inputTable {
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/match_advances.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/match_advances.go
index 4c1340e12..b31317d96 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/match_advances.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/match_advances.go
@@ -19,17 +19,18 @@ type matchAdvancesTable struct {
 	// Columns
 	ApplicationID     postgres.ColumnInteger
 	EpochIndex        postgres.ColumnFloat
-	TournamentAddress postgres.ColumnString
-	IDHash            postgres.ColumnString
-	OtherParent       postgres.ColumnString
-	LeftNode          postgres.ColumnString
+	TournamentAddress postgres.ColumnBytea
+	IDHash            postgres.ColumnBytea
+	OtherParent       postgres.ColumnBytea
+	LeftNode          postgres.ColumnBytea
 	BlockNumber       postgres.ColumnFloat
-	TxHash            postgres.ColumnString
+	TxHash            postgres.ColumnBytea
 	CreatedAt         postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 	UpdatedAt         postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type MatchAdvancesTable struct {
@@ -69,16 +70,17 @@ func newMatchAdvancesTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) matchAdvance
 	var (
 		ApplicationIDColumn     = postgres.IntegerColumn("application_id")
 		EpochIndexColumn        = postgres.FloatColumn("epoch_index")
-		TournamentAddressColumn = postgres.StringColumn("tournament_address")
-		IDHashColumn            = postgres.StringColumn("id_hash")
-		OtherParentColumn       = postgres.StringColumn("other_parent")
-		LeftNodeColumn          = postgres.StringColumn("left_node")
+		TournamentAddressColumn = postgres.ByteaColumn("tournament_address")
+		IDHashColumn            = postgres.ByteaColumn("id_hash")
+		OtherParentColumn       = postgres.ByteaColumn("other_parent")
+		LeftNodeColumn          = postgres.ByteaColumn("left_node")
 		BlockNumberColumn       = postgres.FloatColumn("block_number")
-		TxHashColumn            = postgres.StringColumn("tx_hash")
+		TxHashColumn            = postgres.ByteaColumn("tx_hash")
 		CreatedAtColumn         = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn         = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns              = postgres.ColumnList{ApplicationIDColumn, EpochIndexColumn, TournamentAddressColumn, IDHashColumn, OtherParentColumn, LeftNodeColumn, BlockNumberColumn, TxHashColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns          = postgres.ColumnList{LeftNodeColumn, BlockNumberColumn, TxHashColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns          = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return matchAdvancesTable{
@@ -98,5 +100,6 @@ func newMatchAdvancesTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) matchAdvance
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/matches.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/matches.go
index dfdaa2e22..4b854d27e 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/matches.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/matches.go
@@ -19,22 +19,23 @@ type matchesTable struct {
 	// Columns
 	ApplicationID       postgres.ColumnInteger
 	EpochIndex          postgres.ColumnFloat
-	TournamentAddress   postgres.ColumnString
-	IDHash              postgres.ColumnString
-	CommitmentOne       postgres.ColumnString
-	CommitmentTwo       postgres.ColumnString
-	LeftOfTwo           postgres.ColumnString
+	TournamentAddress   postgres.ColumnBytea
+	IDHash              postgres.ColumnBytea
+	CommitmentOne       postgres.ColumnBytea
+	CommitmentTwo       postgres.ColumnBytea
+	LeftOfTwo           postgres.ColumnBytea
 	BlockNumber         postgres.ColumnFloat
-	TxHash              postgres.ColumnString
+	TxHash              postgres.ColumnBytea
 	Winner              postgres.ColumnString
 	DeletionReason      postgres.ColumnString
 	DeletionBlockNumber postgres.ColumnFloat
-	DeletionTxHash      postgres.ColumnString
+	DeletionTxHash      postgres.ColumnBytea
 	CreatedAt           postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 	UpdatedAt           postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type MatchesTable struct {
@@ -74,21 +75,22 @@ func newMatchesTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) matchesTable {
 	var (
 		ApplicationIDColumn       = postgres.IntegerColumn("application_id")
 		EpochIndexColumn          = postgres.FloatColumn("epoch_index")
-		TournamentAddressColumn   = postgres.StringColumn("tournament_address")
-		IDHashColumn              = postgres.StringColumn("id_hash")
-		CommitmentOneColumn       = postgres.StringColumn("commitment_one")
-		CommitmentTwoColumn       = postgres.StringColumn("commitment_two")
-		LeftOfTwoColumn           = postgres.StringColumn("left_of_two")
+		TournamentAddressColumn   = postgres.ByteaColumn("tournament_address")
+		IDHashColumn              = postgres.ByteaColumn("id_hash")
+		CommitmentOneColumn       = postgres.ByteaColumn("commitment_one")
+		CommitmentTwoColumn       = postgres.ByteaColumn("commitment_two")
+		LeftOfTwoColumn           = postgres.ByteaColumn("left_of_two")
 		BlockNumberColumn         = postgres.FloatColumn("block_number")
-		TxHashColumn              = postgres.StringColumn("tx_hash")
+		TxHashColumn              = postgres.ByteaColumn("tx_hash")
 		WinnerColumn              = postgres.StringColumn("winner")
 		DeletionReasonColumn      = postgres.StringColumn("deletion_reason")
 		DeletionBlockNumberColumn = postgres.FloatColumn("deletion_block_number")
-		DeletionTxHashColumn      = postgres.StringColumn("deletion_tx_hash")
+		DeletionTxHashColumn      = postgres.ByteaColumn("deletion_tx_hash")
 		CreatedAtColumn           = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn           = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                = postgres.ColumnList{ApplicationIDColumn, EpochIndexColumn, TournamentAddressColumn, IDHashColumn, CommitmentOneColumn, CommitmentTwoColumn, LeftOfTwoColumn, BlockNumberColumn, TxHashColumn, WinnerColumn, DeletionReasonColumn, DeletionBlockNumberColumn, DeletionTxHashColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns            = postgres.ColumnList{CommitmentOneColumn, CommitmentTwoColumn, LeftOfTwoColumn, BlockNumberColumn, TxHashColumn, WinnerColumn, DeletionReasonColumn, DeletionBlockNumberColumn, DeletionTxHashColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns            = postgres.ColumnList{DeletionBlockNumberColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return matchesTable{
@@ -113,5 +115,6 @@ func newMatchesTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) matchesTable {
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/node_config.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/node_config.go
index 62aa951ca..ddccf842e 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/node_config.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/node_config.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ type nodeConfigTable struct {
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type NodeConfigTable struct {
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ func newNodeConfigTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) nodeConfigTable
 		UpdatedAtColumn = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns      = postgres.ColumnList{KeyColumn, ValueColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns  = postgres.ColumnList{ValueColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns  = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return nodeConfigTable{
@@ -80,5 +82,6 @@ func newNodeConfigTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) nodeConfigTable
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/output.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/output.go
index bc916600d..f491b6beb 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/output.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/output.go
@@ -20,15 +20,16 @@ type outputTable struct {
 	InputEpochApplicationID  postgres.ColumnInteger
 	InputIndex               postgres.ColumnFloat
 	Index                    postgres.ColumnFloat
-	RawData                  postgres.ColumnString
-	Hash                     postgres.ColumnString
-	OutputHashesSiblings     postgres.ColumnString
-	ExecutionTransactionHash postgres.ColumnString
+	RawData                  postgres.ColumnBytea
+	Hash                     postgres.ColumnBytea
+	OutputHashesSiblings     postgres.ColumnByteaArray
+	ExecutionTransactionHash postgres.ColumnBytea
 	CreatedAt                postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 	UpdatedAt                postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type OutputTable struct {
@@ -69,14 +70,15 @@ func newOutputTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) outputTable {
 		InputEpochApplicationIDColumn  = postgres.IntegerColumn("input_epoch_application_id")
 		InputIndexColumn               = postgres.FloatColumn("input_index")
 		IndexColumn                    = postgres.FloatColumn("index")
-		RawDataColumn                  = postgres.StringColumn("raw_data")
-		HashColumn                     = postgres.StringColumn("hash")
-		OutputHashesSiblingsColumn     = postgres.StringColumn("output_hashes_siblings")
-		ExecutionTransactionHashColumn = postgres.StringColumn("execution_transaction_hash")
+		RawDataColumn                  = postgres.ByteaColumn("raw_data")
+		HashColumn                     = postgres.ByteaColumn("hash")
+		OutputHashesSiblingsColumn     = postgres.ByteaArrayColumn("output_hashes_siblings")
+		ExecutionTransactionHashColumn = postgres.ByteaColumn("execution_transaction_hash")
 		CreatedAtColumn                = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn                = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                     = postgres.ColumnList{InputEpochApplicationIDColumn, InputIndexColumn, IndexColumn, RawDataColumn, HashColumn, OutputHashesSiblingsColumn, ExecutionTransactionHashColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns                 = postgres.ColumnList{InputIndexColumn, RawDataColumn, HashColumn, OutputHashesSiblingsColumn, ExecutionTransactionHashColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns                 = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return outputTable{
@@ -95,5 +97,6 @@ func newOutputTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) outputTable {
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/report.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/report.go
index c9db4517e..66eed96fe 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/report.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/report.go
@@ -20,12 +20,13 @@ type reportTable struct {
 	InputEpochApplicationID postgres.ColumnInteger
 	InputIndex              postgres.ColumnFloat
 	Index                   postgres.ColumnFloat
-	RawData                 postgres.ColumnString
+	RawData                 postgres.ColumnBytea
 	CreatedAt               postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 	UpdatedAt               postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type ReportTable struct {
@@ -66,11 +67,12 @@ func newReportTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) reportTable {
 		InputEpochApplicationIDColumn = postgres.IntegerColumn("input_epoch_application_id")
 		InputIndexColumn              = postgres.FloatColumn("input_index")
 		IndexColumn                   = postgres.FloatColumn("index")
-		RawDataColumn                 = postgres.StringColumn("raw_data")
+		RawDataColumn                 = postgres.ByteaColumn("raw_data")
 		CreatedAtColumn               = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn               = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                    = postgres.ColumnList{InputEpochApplicationIDColumn, InputIndexColumn, IndexColumn, RawDataColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns                = postgres.ColumnList{InputIndexColumn, RawDataColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns                = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return reportTable{
@@ -86,5 +88,6 @@ func newReportTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) reportTable {
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/schema_migrations.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/schema_migrations.go
index ebafd2e28..96ff11f1f 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/schema_migrations.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/schema_migrations.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ type schemaMigrationsTable struct {
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type SchemaMigrationsTable struct {
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ func newSchemaMigrationsTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) schemaMig
 		DirtyColumn    = postgres.BoolColumn("dirty")
 		allColumns     = postgres.ColumnList{VersionColumn, DirtyColumn}
 		mutableColumns = postgres.ColumnList{DirtyColumn}
+		defaultColumns = postgres.ColumnList{}
 	)
 
 	return schemaMigrationsTable{
@@ -74,5 +76,6 @@ func newSchemaMigrationsTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) schemaMig
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/state_hashes.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/state_hashes.go
index 3ad32cd01..1b4c15c77 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/state_hashes.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/state_hashes.go
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@ type stateHashesTable struct {
 	EpochIndex              postgres.ColumnFloat
 	InputIndex              postgres.ColumnFloat
 	Index                   postgres.ColumnFloat
-	MachineHash             postgres.ColumnString
+	MachineHash             postgres.ColumnBytea
 	Repetitions             postgres.ColumnInteger
 	CreatedAt               postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 	UpdatedAt               postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type StateHashesTable struct {
@@ -69,12 +70,13 @@ func newStateHashesTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) stateHashesTab
 		EpochIndexColumn              = postgres.FloatColumn("epoch_index")
 		InputIndexColumn              = postgres.FloatColumn("input_index")
 		IndexColumn                   = postgres.FloatColumn("index")
-		MachineHashColumn             = postgres.StringColumn("machine_hash")
+		MachineHashColumn             = postgres.ByteaColumn("machine_hash")
 		RepetitionsColumn             = postgres.IntegerColumn("repetitions")
 		CreatedAtColumn               = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn               = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                    = postgres.ColumnList{InputEpochApplicationIDColumn, EpochIndexColumn, InputIndexColumn, IndexColumn, MachineHashColumn, RepetitionsColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns                = postgres.ColumnList{InputIndexColumn, MachineHashColumn, RepetitionsColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns                = postgres.ColumnList{CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return stateHashesTable{
@@ -92,5 +94,6 @@ func newStateHashesTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) stateHashesTab
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/tournaments.go b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/tournaments.go
index 11f815079..7f7a2507e 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/tournaments.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table/tournaments.go
@@ -19,21 +19,22 @@ type tournamentsTable struct {
 	// Columns
 	ApplicationID           postgres.ColumnInteger
 	EpochIndex              postgres.ColumnFloat
-	Address                 postgres.ColumnString
-	ParentTournamentAddress postgres.ColumnString
-	ParentMatchIDHash       postgres.ColumnString
+	Address                 postgres.ColumnBytea
+	ParentTournamentAddress postgres.ColumnBytea
+	ParentMatchIDHash       postgres.ColumnBytea
 	MaxLevel                postgres.ColumnInteger
 	Level                   postgres.ColumnInteger
 	Log2step                postgres.ColumnInteger
 	Height                  postgres.ColumnInteger
-	WinnerCommitment        postgres.ColumnString
-	FinalStateHash          postgres.ColumnString
+	WinnerCommitment        postgres.ColumnBytea
+	FinalStateHash          postgres.ColumnBytea
 	FinishedAtBlock         postgres.ColumnFloat
 	CreatedAt               postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 	UpdatedAt               postgres.ColumnTimestampz
 
 	AllColumns     postgres.ColumnList
 	MutableColumns postgres.ColumnList
+	DefaultColumns postgres.ColumnList
 }
 
 type TournamentsTable struct {
@@ -73,20 +74,21 @@ func newTournamentsTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) tournamentsTab
 	var (
 		ApplicationIDColumn           = postgres.IntegerColumn("application_id")
 		EpochIndexColumn              = postgres.FloatColumn("epoch_index")
-		AddressColumn                 = postgres.StringColumn("address")
-		ParentTournamentAddressColumn = postgres.StringColumn("parent_tournament_address")
-		ParentMatchIDHashColumn       = postgres.StringColumn("parent_match_id_hash")
+		AddressColumn                 = postgres.ByteaColumn("address")
+		ParentTournamentAddressColumn = postgres.ByteaColumn("parent_tournament_address")
+		ParentMatchIDHashColumn       = postgres.ByteaColumn("parent_match_id_hash")
 		MaxLevelColumn                = postgres.IntegerColumn("max_level")
 		LevelColumn                   = postgres.IntegerColumn("level")
 		Log2stepColumn                = postgres.IntegerColumn("log2step")
 		HeightColumn                  = postgres.IntegerColumn("height")
-		WinnerCommitmentColumn        = postgres.StringColumn("winner_commitment")
-		FinalStateHashColumn          = postgres.StringColumn("final_state_hash")
+		WinnerCommitmentColumn        = postgres.ByteaColumn("winner_commitment")
+		FinalStateHashColumn          = postgres.ByteaColumn("final_state_hash")
 		FinishedAtBlockColumn         = postgres.FloatColumn("finished_at_block")
 		CreatedAtColumn               = postgres.TimestampzColumn("created_at")
 		UpdatedAtColumn               = postgres.TimestampzColumn("updated_at")
 		allColumns                    = postgres.ColumnList{ApplicationIDColumn, EpochIndexColumn, AddressColumn, ParentTournamentAddressColumn, ParentMatchIDHashColumn, MaxLevelColumn, LevelColumn, Log2stepColumn, HeightColumn, WinnerCommitmentColumn, FinalStateHashColumn, FinishedAtBlockColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 		mutableColumns                = postgres.ColumnList{ParentTournamentAddressColumn, ParentMatchIDHashColumn, MaxLevelColumn, LevelColumn, Log2stepColumn, HeightColumn, WinnerCommitmentColumn, FinalStateHashColumn, FinishedAtBlockColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
+		defaultColumns                = postgres.ColumnList{FinishedAtBlockColumn, CreatedAtColumn, UpdatedAtColumn}
 	)
 
 	return tournamentsTable{
@@ -110,5 +112,6 @@ func newTournamentsTableImpl(schemaName, tableName, alias string) tournamentsTab
 
 		AllColumns:     allColumns,
 		MutableColumns: mutableColumns,
+		DefaultColumns: defaultColumns,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/epoch.go b/internal/repository/postgres/epoch.go
index 361eb61cd..6052f9fa5 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/epoch.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/epoch.go
@@ -112,9 +112,11 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) CreateEpochsAndInputs(
 			return err
 		}
 
-		tournamentAddress := postgres.RawString("NULL")
+		var tournamentAddress postgres.ByteaExpression
 		if epoch.TournamentAddress != nil {
 			tournamentAddress = postgres.Bytea(epoch.TournamentAddress.Bytes())
+		} else {
+			tournamentAddress = postgres.ByteaExp(postgres.NULL)
 		}
 		epochSelectQuery := table.Application.SELECT(
 			table.Application.ID,
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/input.go b/internal/repository/postgres/input.go
index 4048e3dc5..8e4d76740 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/input.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/input.go
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) GetInputByTxReference(
 		).
 		WHERE(
 			whereClause.
-				AND(table.Input.TransactionReference.EQ(postgres.Bytea(ref))),
+				AND(table.Input.TransactionReference.EQ(postgres.Bytea(ref[:]))),
 		)
 
 	sqlStr, args := sel.Sql()
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) ListInputs(
 
 	if f.Sender != nil {
 		conditions = append(conditions,
-			postgres.SUBSTR(table.Input.RawData, postgres.Int(81), postgres.Int(20)).EQ(postgres.Bytea(f.Sender.Bytes())),
+			SubstrBytea(table.Input.RawData, 81, 20).EQ(postgres.Bytea(f.Sender.Bytes())),
 		)
 	}
 
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/output.go b/internal/repository/postgres/output.go
index 06dcea5dd..31425b6c1 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/output.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/output.go
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) UpdateOutputsExecution(
 			)
 
 		sqlStr, args := updStmt.Sql()
-		cmd, err := r.db.Exec(ctx, sqlStr, args...)
+		cmd, err := tx.Exec(ctx, sqlStr, args...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Join(err, tx.Rollback(ctx))
 		}
@@ -216,13 +216,13 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) ListOutputs(
 
 	if f.OutputType != nil {
 		conditions = append(conditions,
-			postgres.SUBSTR(table.Output.RawData, postgres.Int(1), postgres.Int(4)).EQ(postgres.Bytea(*f.OutputType)),
+			SubstrBytea(table.Output.RawData, 1, 4).EQ(postgres.Bytea(*f.OutputType)),
 		)
 	}
 
 	if f.VoucherAddress != nil {
 		conditions = append(conditions,
-			postgres.SUBSTR(table.Output.RawData, postgres.Int(17), postgres.Int(20)).EQ(postgres.Bytea(f.VoucherAddress.Bytes())),
+			SubstrBytea(table.Output.RawData, 17, 20).EQ(postgres.Bytea(f.VoucherAddress.Bytes())),
 		)
 	}
 
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/test_only.go b/internal/repository/postgres/test_only.go
index 1cbbc128e..0ec2ec7ec 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/test_only.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/test_only.go
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) CreateEpoch(
 		e.LastBlock,
 		e.InputIndexLowerBound,
 		e.InputIndexUpperBound,
-		e.MachineHash,
+		hashToBytes(e.MachineHash),
 		e.OutputsMerkleRoot,
-		e.OutputsMerkleProof,
-		e.Commitment,
-		e.CommitmentProof,
-		e.ClaimTransactionHash,
-		e.TournamentAddress,
+		encodeSiblings(e.OutputsMerkleProof),
+		hashToBytes(e.Commitment),
+		encodeSiblings(e.CommitmentProof),
+		hashToBytes(e.ClaimTransactionHash),
+		addressToBytes(e.TournamentAddress),
 		e.Status,
 		e.VirtualIndex,
 	)
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) CreateInput(
 		inp.BlockNumber,
 		inp.RawData,
 		inp.Status,
-		inp.MachineHash,
-		inp.OutputsHash,
+		hashToBytes(inp.MachineHash),
+		hashToBytes(inp.OutputsHash),
 		inp.TransactionReference,
 		inp.SnapshotURI,
 	)
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ func (r *PostgresRepository) CreateOutput(
 		out.InputIndex,
 		out.Index,
 		out.RawData,
-		out.Hash,
-		out.OutputHashesSiblings,
-		out.ExecutionTransactionHash,
+		hashToBytes(out.Hash),
+		encodeSiblings(out.OutputHashesSiblings),
+		hashToBytes(out.ExecutionTransactionHash),
 	)
 
 	sqlStr, args := insertStmt.Sql()
diff --git a/internal/repository/postgres/util.go b/internal/repository/postgres/util.go
index 418c55cf7..763f86179 100644
--- a/internal/repository/postgres/util.go
+++ b/internal/repository/postgres/util.go
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
 package postgres
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"regexp"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/go-jet/jet/v2/postgres"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 
 	"github.com/cartesi/rollups-node/internal/repository/postgres/db/rollupsdb/public/table"
 )
@@ -30,3 +32,24 @@ func getWhereClauseFromNameOrAddress(nameOrAddress string) (postgres.BoolExpress
 	}
 	return whereClause, nil
 }
+
+func hashToBytes(h *common.Hash) any {
+	if h == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return (*h)[:]
+}
+
+func addressToBytes(a *common.Address) any {
+	if a == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return (*a)[:]
+}
+
+// SubstrBytea returns a SUBSTR expression properly typed as ByteaExpression.
+func SubstrBytea(col postgres.ColumnBytea, from, count int64) postgres.ByteaExpression {
+	qualified := pgx.Identifier{col.TableName(), col.Name()}.Sanitize()
+	raw := fmt.Sprintf("SUBSTR(%s, #from, #count)", qualified)
+	return postgres.RawBytea(raw, postgres.RawArgs{"#from": from, "#count": count})
+}