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89 < title > Cognate: Readable and concise concatenative programming</ title >
910 </ head >
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1112
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13+ < main >
14+
1315< h1 id ="cognate "> Cognate</ h1 >
1416< h2 id ="readable-and-concise-concatenative-programming "> Readable and concise concatenative programming</ h2 >
15- < div class ="code "> < pre > < code > < span style ='font-style: italic;color: #969896 '> ~~ Fizzbuzz in Cognate</ span >
17+ <!--cognate--> < div class ="code "> < pre > < code >
18+ ~~ Fizzbuzz in Cognate
1619
17- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Def</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Multiple</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > as </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Zero?</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Modulo</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > ;
20+ Def Multiple as ( Zero? Modulo) ;
1821
19- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Def</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Fizzbuzz</ span >
20- < span style =' color: #a71d5d ' > Case</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Multiple</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > of </ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 15 </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > is </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > " fizzbuzz" </ span >
21- < span style =' color: #a71d5d ' > Case</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Multiple</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > of </ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 3 </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > is </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > " fizz" </ span >
22- < span style =' color: #a71d5d ' > Case</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Multiple</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > of </ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 5 </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > is </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > " buzz" </ span >
23- < span style =' color: #333333 ' > otherwise</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > ;
22+ Def Fizzbuzz
23+ Case ( Multiple of 15) is " fizzbuzz"
24+ Case ( Multiple of 3) is " fizz"
25+ Case ( Multiple of 5) is " buzz"
26+ otherwise () ;
2427
25- < span style =' color: #a71d5d ' > For</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > each</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > in </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Range</ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 1 </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > to </ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 100</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Print</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Fizzbuzz</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span >
28+ For each in Range 1 to 100 ( Print Fizzbuzz)
2629</ code > </ pre > </ div >
2730< p > Cognate is a project aiming to create a human readable programming language with as little syntax as possible. Where natural language programming usually uses many complex syntax rules, instead Cognate takes them away. What it adds is simple, a way to embed comments into statements.</ p >
28- < div class ="code "> < pre > < code > < span style ='font-style: italic;color: #969896 '> ~~ Towers of Hanoi in Cognate</ span >
31+ <!--cognate--> < div class ="code "> < pre > < code >
32+ ~~ Towers of Hanoi in Cognate
2933
30- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Def</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Move</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > discs</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > as </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span >
34+ Def Move discs as (
3135
32- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Let</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > N </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > be </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > number</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > of </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > discs</ span > ;
33- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Let</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > A </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > be </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > first</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > rod</ span > ;
34- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Let</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > B </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > be </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > second</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > rod</ span > ;
35- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Let</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > C </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > be </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > third</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > rod</ span > ;
36+ Let N be number of discs;
37+ Let A be first rod;
38+ Let B be second rod;
39+ Let C be third rod;
3640
37- < span style =' color: #a71d5d ' > Unless</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Zero?</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > N </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span >
38- < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Move</ span > < span style =' font-weight: bold;color: #4e4e4e ' > - </ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 1 </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > N </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > discs</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > from</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > A </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > via</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > C </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > to </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > B </ span > ;
39- < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Prints</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > " Move disc " </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > N </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > " from " </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > A </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > " to " </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > C </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > ;
40- < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Move</ span > < span style =' font-weight: bold;color: #4e4e4e ' > - </ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 1 </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > N </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > discs</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > from</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > B </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > via</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > A </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > to </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > C </ span > ;
41- < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span >
42- < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > ;
41+ Unless Zero? N (
42+ Move - 1 N discs from A via C to B ;
43+ Prints (" Move disc " N " from " A " to " C) ;
44+ Move - 1 N discs from B via A to C ;
45+ )
46+ ) ;
4347
44- < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Move</ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 5 </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > discs</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > from</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > "a" </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > via</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > "b" </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > to </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > "c" </ span >
48+ Move 5 discs from "a" via "b" to "c"
4549</ code > </ pre > </ div >
4650< p > As you can see, Cognate ignores words starting with lowercase letters, allowing them to be used to describe functionality and enhance readability. This makes Cognate codebases intuitive and maintainable.</ p >
47- < div class ="code "> < pre > < code > < span style ='font-style: italic;color: #969896 '> ~~ Square numbers in Cognate</ span >
51+ <!--cognate--> < div class ="code "> < pre > < code >
52+ ~~ Square numbers in Cognate
4853
49- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Def</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Square</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > as </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' font-weight: bold;color: #4e4e4e ' > * </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Twin</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > ;
50- < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Map</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Square</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > over</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Range</ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 1 </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > to </ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 10 </ span > ;
51- < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Print</ span >
54+ Def Square as (* Twin) ;
55+ Map ( Square) over Range 1 to 10 ;
56+ Print
5257</ code > </ pre > </ div >
5358< p > Cognate is a stack-oriented programming language similar to Forth or Factor, except statements are evaluated right to left. This gives the expressiveness of concatenative programming as well as the readability of prefix notation. Statements can be delimited at arbitrary points, allowing them to read as sentences would in English.</ p >
54- < div class ="code "> < pre > < code > < span style ='font-style: italic;color: #969896 '> ~~ Prime numbers in Cognate</ span >
59+ <!--cognate--> < div class ="code "> < pre > < code >
60+ ~~ Prime numbers in Cognate
5561
56- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Def</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Factor</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Zero?</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Modulo</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Swap</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > ;
62+ Def Factor ( Zero? Modulo Swap) ;
5763
58- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Def</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Primes</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span >
59- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Let</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > U </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > is </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > upper</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > bound</ span > ;
60- < span style =' color: #333333 ' > initially</ span > < span style =' color: #794da3 ' > List</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > ;
61- < span style =' color: #a71d5d ' > For</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Range</ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 2 </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > to </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > U </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span >
62- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Let</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > P </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > is </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > potential</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > prime</ span > ;
63- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Let</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Found</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > be </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > list</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > of </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > found</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > primes</ span > ;
64- < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > Let</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > To-check</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > be </ span > < span style =' color: #a71d5d ' > Take-while</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' font-weight: bold;color: #4e4e4e ' > <= </ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Sqrt</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > P </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Found</ span > ;
65- < span style =' color: #a71d5d ' > When</ span > < span style =' color: #183691 ' > All</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span > < span style =' font-weight: bold;color: #4e4e4e ' > Not</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Factor</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > of </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > P </ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > To-check</ span > < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ( </ span >
66- < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Append</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > P </ span >
67- < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > to </ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Found</ span >
68- < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span >
69- < span style =' color: #4e4e4e ' > ) </ span > ;
64+ Def Primes (
65+ Let U is upper bound;
66+ initially List () ;
67+ For Range 2 to U (
68+ Let P is potential prime;
69+ Let Found be list of found primes;
70+ Let To-check be Take-while ( < = Sqrt P) Found;
71+ When All ( Not Factor of P) To-check (
72+ Append P
73+ ) to Found
74+ )
75+ ) ;
7076
71- < span style =' color: #183691 ' > Print</ span > < span style =' color: #795da3 ' > Primes</ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > up </ span > < span style =' color: #333333 ' > to </ span > < span style =' color: #0086b3 ' > 1000</ span > ;
77+ Print Primes up to 1000;
7278</ code > </ pre > </ div >
7379< p > Cognate borrows from other concatenative languages, but also adds unique features of its own.</ p >
7480< ul >
@@ -82,6 +88,7 @@ <h2 id="readable-and-concise-concatenative-programming">Readable and concise con
8288< p > Interested? Read the < a href ="/learn/ "> tutorial</ a > , check out the < a href ="https://cognate-playground.hedy.dev/ "> interactive web playground</ a > , or visit our < a href ="https://github.com/cognate-lang/cognate "> GitHub repository</ a > .</ p >
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8490
91+ </ main >
8592 < br /> < br /> < br />
8693 </ body >
8794</ html >
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