diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6116804e..e099851a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,6 +23,28 @@ User-visible changes to Imp are recorded here.
   unknown charge, not a free one; a host that wants the old number for calls
   with no reported charge reads `estimated_cost` for them, knowing it is an
   estimate.
+- Breaking: `Imp.Predict.ReActV2`'s `:last_request_note` reaches the model
+  as a user message with no assistant reply after it, as documented, in the
+  last request and whenever the returned history is passed back. It was
+  stored as a history entry with inputs and no outputs. The chat adapter
+  renders that as a finished exchange, so the note was followed by an
+  assistant message the model never gave, each field reading "Not supplied
+  for this conversation history message." That filler is Imp's; DSPy 3.2.1
+  renders a missing history output as `None`. The note, and the entry for
+  inputs no step spent that comes before it when the first step failed, now
+  carry `tool_calls: %Imp.Adapter.Types.ToolCalls{tool_calls: []}` and
+  `tool_call_results: []`, like every other step the loop records. Migration: a
+  host that recognises the note in `metadata.history` by its shape (only the
+  first input's key) matches it by that key with an empty `tool_calls` list,
+  or by its text. A note recorded by an earlier version keeps the old
+  shape and still renders with the filler. `History` entries a host writes
+  keep Imp's rendering.
+- In written tool mode (an LM that cannot call tools natively, where earlier
+  steps replay as text), a stored step that recorded no call and no other
+  output replays as its user message alone, as native replay already did. A
+  ReActV2 step that answered with nothing no longer replays as an assistant
+  message of filler. A turn that recorded any output, an answer included,
+  keeps its assistant message.
 
 ### Fixed
 
diff --git a/decisions.md b/decisions.md
index 601dfce1..ffaad55b 100644
--- a/decisions.md
+++ b/decisions.md
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ not necessarily when it was made.
 
 | Date | Decision | Source and reason | Status | Retires when |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 2026-09-28 | A turn ReActV2 records with only a user side (its `:last_request_note`, inputs no step spent) is a step event that called nothing, and the chat adapter renders a step with no calls and no other output as its user message alone, in native and written tool modes. A stored step that recorded any other output keeps its assistant message. A `History` entry with inputs and no outputs keeps Imp's rendering, a finished exchange whose missing outputs read "Not supplied for this conversation history message." (DSPy 3.2.1 renders them as `None`; that divergence is separate.) | deepfates/imp#259. `lib/imp/predict/react_v2.ex` `append_user_turn/2`, `lib/imp/adapter/chat.ex` `render_written_tool_history_turn/3`, `test/react_v2_last_request_note_test.exs`, `test/adapter_chat_written_history_test.exs`. Recorded as inputs alone, the note rendered as a user message followed by an assistant reply the model never gave, in the request and on replay. | In force. | Does not retire. |
 | 2026-09-28 | A model call's `cost` (`Imp.Core.LMResponse`, the `:model_response` event) is only a charge the provider reported, and `nil` when it reported none; ReqLLM's catalog price is `estimated_cost`, never `cost`. | deepfates/imp#252. `lib/imp/core.ex` `LMResponse` moduledoc, `test/model_response_cost_test.exs`. Hosts sum `cost` as money spent (Dwell's daily cap); the catalog price differs from the charge when prices change, when routing picks another endpoint, and by ReqLLM rounding each line item to a millionth of a dollar. | In force. | Does not retire. |
 | 2026-09-28 | Imp follows semantic versioning. Before 1.0, a release that changes what a caller receives or can rely on bumps the minor version (`0.5` to `0.6`), and a release of fixes that change nothing a caller relies on bumps the patch; `{:imp, "~> 0.x"}` then never takes a breaking release unasked. | Owner, 2026-09-28. `CHANGELOG.md` marks each breaking change "Breaking:" with its migration, and `RELEASE_NOTES.md` names them. | In force. | Does not retire. |
 | 2026-09-26 | `Imp.Optimizer.GEPA` with no `:execution_profile` runs DSPy's GEPA (`:gepa_v0_1_4_merge`, or `:gepa_v0_1_4` with `use_merge: false`), and its reflection records are DSPy's; Imp's own search is `execution_profile: :beam_native`, chosen explicitly. | Owner, 2026-09-26. An upstream name promises upstream semantics; the published GEPA results (`research/RESULTS.md` R3, R5) used the pinned profile, as `:gepa_v0_1_4`; and no reason for the BEAM-native default was ever recorded. `lib/imp/optimizer/gepa.ex` moduledoc, `test/gepa_agent_reflection_test.exs`. | In force. | Does not retire. |
diff --git a/lib/imp/adapter/chat.ex b/lib/imp/adapter/chat.ex
index 7a737484..57265c07 100644
--- a/lib/imp/adapter/chat.ex
+++ b/lib/imp/adapter/chat.ex
@@ -1257,7 +1257,31 @@ defmodule Imp.Adapter.Chat do
           [%{role: :user, content: renderers.input_section.(field, format_value(value))}]
       end
 
-    Enum.reject([user, assistant | result_messages], &blank_message?/1)
+    # A turn with no calls and no other output has no assistant message, as in
+    # native replay. That is a user turn the loop recorded on its own (a note,
+    # inputs no step spent) or a model reply that said nothing; a filler reply
+    # would put words in the model's mouth. A turn that recorded any output,
+    # an answer included, keeps its assistant message.
+    assistant =
+      if calls == [] and not recorded_output?(signature, turn), do: nil, else: assistant
+
+    Enum.reject([user, assistant | result_messages], &(is_nil(&1) or blank_message?(&1)))
+  end
+
+  defp recorded_output?(signature, turn) do
+    calls_field =
+      Map.get(signature.metadata, :tool_calls_field) ||
+        Map.get(signature.metadata, "tool_calls_field")
+
+    signature.outputs
+    |> Enum.reject(&Imp.FieldMap.same_name?(&1.name, calls_field))
+    |> Enum.any?(fn field ->
+      case fetch_field(turn, field.name) do
+        nil -> false
+        value when is_binary(value) -> String.trim(value) != ""
+        _value -> true
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   # A loop whose guidance names no finish tool answers in plain text, and has
diff --git a/lib/imp/predict/react_v2.ex b/lib/imp/predict/react_v2.ex
index 885f1334..137f9f03 100644
--- a/lib/imp/predict/react_v2.ex
+++ b/lib/imp/predict/react_v2.ex
@@ -115,8 +115,10 @@ defmodule Imp.Predict.ReActV2 do
 
   The last request says nothing about why it is being made unless
   `:last_request_note` is given: one line of host text put in front of it as a
-  user message and kept in the returned history like any other turn. Imp
-  writes no sentence of its own.
+  user message and kept in the returned history like any other turn. It is
+  recorded as a step that said nothing and called nothing, so it renders as
+  that user message alone, with no assistant reply after it, in the request and
+  whenever the history is passed back. Imp writes no sentence of its own.
 
   A request refused because the context window is full is not an
   interruption of this kind: a further request would be refused the same way,
@@ -700,7 +702,7 @@ defmodule Imp.Predict.ReActV2 do
   # the history first, as the user turn they are.
   defp note_after_inputs(history, pending, %{last_request_note: note} = react)
        when is_binary(note) and note != "" and map_size(pending) > 0 do
-    history = history |> append_history(pending) |> append_note(react.signature, note)
+    history = history |> append_user_turn(pending) |> append_note(react.signature, note)
     {history, %{}}
   end
 
@@ -768,13 +770,26 @@ defmodule Imp.Predict.ReActV2 do
   # prompt renders it as the last user message before the last request.
   defp append_note(history, signature, text) when is_binary(text) and text != "" do
     case Imp.Signature.input_names(signature) do
-      [first | _rest] -> append_history(history, %{first => text})
+      [first | _rest] -> append_user_turn(history, %{first => text})
       [] -> history
     end
   end
 
   defp append_note(history, _signature, _none), do: history
 
+  # A turn the loop records with only a user side (the note, or inputs no step
+  # spent) is a step event that called nothing and said nothing. The chat
+  # adapter renders such a step as its user message alone, in every tool mode,
+  # and a host that hands the history back gets the same rendering. Stored as
+  # inputs alone, it would be a `History` entry, which the adapter renders as a
+  # finished exchange with a filler reply the model never gave.
+  defp append_user_turn(history, fields) do
+    append_history(
+      history,
+      Map.merge(fields, %{tool_calls: %ToolCalls{tool_calls: []}, tool_call_results: []})
+    )
+  end
+
   defp forced_submit_prediction(react, history, pending) do
     forced = forced_submit_program(react, %{type: "tool", name: "submit"})
 
diff --git a/test/adapter_chat_written_history_test.exs b/test/adapter_chat_written_history_test.exs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8fc97ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/adapter_chat_written_history_test.exs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+defmodule Imp.Adapter.ChatWrittenHistoryTest do
+  use ExUnit.Case, async: true
+
+  # A request whose signature describes a tool-calls output replays its stored
+  # turns as text: the turn's outputs as the assistant's message, then the
+  # results. A turn that recorded no output and no call has no assistant
+  # message; any recorded output, an answer included, keeps it.
+
+  defmodule TextOnlyLM do
+    @behaviour Imp.LM
+    defstruct [:handler]
+
+    @impl true
+    def generate(%__MODULE__{handler: handler}, messages, opts),
+      do: {:ok, handler.(messages, opts)}
+
+    def tool_calling_capability(%__MODULE__{}), do: false
+  end
+
+  @filler "Not supplied for this conversation history message."
+
+  defp text_only_lm(replies) do
+    owner = self()
+    counter = :counters.new(1, [])
+
+    %TextOnlyLM{
+      handler: fn messages, _opts ->
+        :counters.add(counter, 1, 1)
+        send(owner, {:request, messages})
+        Enum.at(replies, :counters.get(counter, 1) - 1)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "a Predict step with a tool-calls field keeps an answered turn's assistant message" do
+    signature =
+      Imp.Signature.ensure("question, history, tools: array -> answer, tool_calls: array")
+
+    signature = %{
+      signature
+      | metadata: Map.put(signature.metadata, :tool_calls_field, :tool_calls)
+    }
+
+    history = Imp.History.new([%{question: "q1", answer: "42", tool_calls: []}])
+
+    program =
+      Imp.Predict.new(signature,
+        lm: text_only_lm(["[[ ## answer ## ]]\n43\n\n[[ ## tool_calls ## ]]\n[]"])
+      )
+
+    assert {:ok, _prediction} =
+             Imp.Predict.call(program, %{question: "q2", history: history, tools: []})
+
+    assert_received {:request, messages}
+    index = Enum.find_index(messages, &(&1.role == :user and &1.content =~ "q1"))
+    assert %{role: :assistant, content: answered} = Enum.at(messages, index + 1)
+    assert answered =~ "42"
+  end
+
+  test "a ReActV2 step that answered with nothing replays with no assistant message" do
+    lm = text_only_lm(["", "[[ ## next_thought ## ]]\nsecond\n\n[[ ## tool_calls ## ]]\n[]"])
+    look = Imp.tool(:look, "Look at a thing", fn _ -> %{"seen" => true} end)
+    program = Imp.react("intent -> answer", [look], lm: lm)
+
+    assert {:ok, first} = Imp.call(program, %{intent: "hello"})
+    assert first.metadata.termination_reason == :answered
+    assert_received {:request, _first}
+
+    assert {:ok, _second} =
+             Imp.call(program, %{intent: "again", history: first.metadata.history})
+
+    assert_received {:request, replayed}
+    refute Enum.any?(replayed, &(to_string(&1.content) =~ @filler))
+    index = Enum.find_index(replayed, &(&1.role == :user and &1.content =~ "hello"))
+    refute Enum.at(replayed, index + 1).role == :assistant
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/react_v2_last_request_note_test.exs b/test/react_v2_last_request_note_test.exs
index 22e914e1..56be8821 100644
--- a/test/react_v2_last_request_note_test.exs
+++ b/test/react_v2_last_request_note_test.exs
@@ -71,6 +71,136 @@ defmodule ReActV2LastRequestNoteTest do
     refute Enum.any?(forced, &(&1[:role] == :user and String.trim(&1[:content] || "") == ""))
   end
 
+  # An LM that writes its tool calls as text: the step lists the tools and
+  # replays earlier steps as text, never as native tool messages.
+  defmodule TextOnlyLM do
+    @behaviour Imp.LM
+    defstruct [:handler]
+
+    @impl true
+    def generate(%__MODULE__{handler: handler}, messages, opts),
+      do: {:ok, handler.(messages, opts)}
+
+    def tool_calling_capability(%__MODULE__{}), do: false
+  end
+
+  @filler "Not supplied for this conversation history message."
+
+  # The first request looks; every later one submits. The replies are native
+  # tool calls, or the same calls written as text for an LM that cannot call
+  # tools.
+  defp moded_lm(owner, native?) do
+    counter = :counters.new(1, [])
+
+    handler = fn messages, opts ->
+      :counters.add(counter, 1, 1)
+      n = :counters.get(counter, 1)
+      send(owner, {:request, n, messages, opts})
+      step_reply(native?, if(n == 1, do: :look, else: :submit))
+    end
+
+    if native?, do: Imp.LM.Static.new(handler: handler), else: %TextOnlyLM{handler: handler}
+  end
+
+  defp step_reply(true, :look),
+    do: %{next_thought: "look first", tool_calls: [%{id: "c", name: "look", arguments: %{}}]}
+
+  defp step_reply(true, :submit),
+    do: %{tool_calls: [%{id: "s", name: "submit", arguments: %{answer: "ok", confidence: 1.0}}]}
+
+  defp step_reply(false, :look),
+    do:
+      ~s([[ ## next_thought ## ]]\nlook first\n\n[[ ## tool_calls ## ]]\n[{"name": "look", "arguments": {}}])
+
+  defp step_reply(false, :submit),
+    do:
+      ~s([[ ## next_thought ## ]]\nsubmitting\n\n[[ ## tool_calls ## ]]\n[{"name": "submit", "arguments": {"answer": "ok", "confidence": 1.0}}])
+
+  defp note_index(messages, note),
+    do: Enum.find_index(messages, &(&1.role == :user and to_string(&1.content) =~ note))
+
+  for {mode, native?} <- [native: true, prompt: false] do
+    @native native?
+
+    test "#{mode} tools: the note ends the forced request as a user message, with no invented reply" do
+      owner = self()
+      note = "You have used every turn. Submit the answer you have now."
+
+      program =
+        Imp.react(@signature, [look()],
+          lm: moded_lm(owner, @native),
+          max_iters: 1,
+          last_request_note: note
+        )
+
+      assert {:ok, prediction} = Imp.call(program, %{intent: "hello"})
+      assert prediction.metadata.termination_reason == :forced_submit
+
+      [_first, {forced, _opts}] = requests(2)
+      refute Enum.any?(forced, &(to_string(&1.content) =~ @filler))
+
+      index = note_index(forced, note)
+      assert index
+      after_note = Enum.drop(forced, index + 1)
+
+      # Natively the note is the last message. A step that lists its tools as
+      # text ends every request on that listing, a user message too.
+      if @native,
+        do: assert(after_note == []),
+        else:
+          assert([%{role: :user, content: listing}] = after_note) && assert(listing =~ "tools")
+    end
+
+    test "#{mode} tools: a returned history replays the note as the user turn the model answered" do
+      owner = self()
+      note = "You have used every turn. Submit the answer you have now."
+
+      program =
+        Imp.react(@signature, [look()],
+          lm: moded_lm(owner, @native),
+          max_iters: 1,
+          last_request_note: note
+        )
+
+      assert {:ok, prediction} = Imp.call(program, %{intent: "hello"})
+      _ = requests(2)
+
+      # A host keeps the history as data and hands it back on the next turn.
+      history = prediction.metadata.history |> Imp.History.dump() |> Imp.History.load!()
+      assert {:ok, _prediction} = Imp.call(program, %{intent: "again", history: history})
+
+      {replayed, _opts} = receive(do: ({:request, 3, m, o} -> {m, o}))
+      refute Enum.any?(replayed, &(to_string(&1.content) =~ @filler))
+
+      # What follows the note is the reply the model actually gave: the submit.
+      index = note_index(replayed, note)
+      assert index
+      reply = Enum.at(replayed, index + 1)
+      assert reply.role == :assistant
+
+      if @native,
+        do: assert(Enum.map(reply.tool_calls, & &1.function.name) == ["submit"]),
+        else: assert(reply.content =~ "submit")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A `History` entry a host wrote with inputs and no outputs is a finished
+  # exchange whose outputs were not recorded, and keeps Imp's rendering, with
+  # the filler (DSPy 3.2.1 renders `None`). Only the turns the loop records
+  # itself say they have no reply.
+  test "a host's input-only history entry keeps Imp's rendering" do
+    owner = self()
+    program = Imp.react(@signature, [look()], lm: moded_lm(owner, true), max_iters: 1)
+    history = Imp.History.new([%{intent: "earlier"}])
+
+    assert {:ok, _prediction} = Imp.call(program, %{intent: "hello", history: history})
+    [{first, _opts}, _forced] = requests(2)
+
+    index = note_index(first, "earlier")
+    assert %{role: :assistant, content: filler} = Enum.at(first, index + 1)
+    assert filler =~ @filler
+  end
+
   test "no note leaves the forced request exactly as it was" do
     owner = self()
 
diff --git a/test/react_v2_last_text_test.exs b/test/react_v2_last_text_test.exs
index e83f4fd5..e4436576 100644
--- a/test/react_v2_last_text_test.exs
+++ b/test/react_v2_last_text_test.exs
@@ -186,6 +186,9 @@ defmodule ReActV2LastTextTest do
     [inputs, note] = Enum.take(user_contents(last), -2)
     assert inputs =~ "hello"
     assert note =~ "Last one."
+
+    # No step answered either of them, so no assistant turn follows them.
+    assert Enum.map(Enum.take(last, -2), & &1.role) == [:user, :user]
   end
 
   # A turn whose step and last request both got no response has no answer and