diff --git a/.env b/.env
index d52d8ce38c7..419f8a9aaac 100644
--- a/.env
+++ b/.env
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ _APP_VCS_GITHUB_APP_NAME=
 _APP_VCS_GITHUB_CLIENT_ID=
 _APP_VCS_GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET=
 _APP_VCS_GITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY=disabled
-_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET=
+_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET=github-webhook-secret
 _APP_VCS_GITEA_ENDPOINT=http://gitea:3000
 _APP_VCS_GITEA_BROWSER_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:9515
 _APP_VCS_GITEA_CLIENT_ID=
diff --git a/app/config/vcs.php b/app/config/vcs.php
index 3b2805cd9c1..dd03da37d81 100644
--- a/app/config/vcs.php
+++ b/app/config/vcs.php
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
             'appId' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_APP_ID'],
             'clientId' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_CLIENT_ID'],
             'clientSecret' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET'],
-            'webhookSecret' => ['required' => false, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET'],
+            'webhookSecret' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET'],
         ],
     ],
     'gitea' => [
@@ -45,8 +45,6 @@
             'endpoint' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITEA_ENDPOINT'],
             'clientId' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITEA_CLIENT_ID'],
             'clientSecret' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITEA_CLIENT_SECRET'],
-            // Unlike GitHub's legacy optional secret, Gitea webhooks must
-            // always have a shared secret because Appwrite creates them directly.
             'webhookSecret' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITEA_WEBHOOK_SECRET'],
         ],
     ],
diff --git a/app/controllers/api/account.php b/app/controllers/api/account.php
index 17f44142d8d..8128caafcda 100644
--- a/app/controllers/api/account.php
+++ b/app/controllers/api/account.php
@@ -3401,7 +3401,8 @@
     ->inject('store')
     ->inject('proofForToken')
     ->inject('project')
-    ->action(function (int $duration, Request $request, Response $response, User $user, Store $store, ProofsToken $proofForToken, Document $project) {
+    ->inject('mode')
+    ->action(function (int $duration, Request $request, Response $response, User $user, Store $store, ProofsToken $proofForToken, Document $project, string $mode) {
         if (!empty($request->getHeaderLine('x-appwrite-jwt', ''))) {
             throw new Exception(Exception::USER_JWT_CREATION_DENIED);
         }
@@ -3418,7 +3419,8 @@
             ->setStatusCode(Response::STATUS_CODE_CREATED)
             ->dynamic(new Document([
                 'jwt' => $jwt->encode([
-                    'projectId' => $project->getId(),
+                    // In admin mode the session is a console session, whatever project is being managed.
+                    'projectId' => $mode === APP_MODE_ADMIN ? 'console' : $project->getId(),
                     'userId' => $user->getId(),
                     'sessionId' => $sessionId,
                 ])
diff --git a/app/init/mqtt/connection.php b/app/init/mqtt/connection.php
index 13898991877..abff49fbe09 100644
--- a/app/init/mqtt/connection.php
+++ b/app/init/mqtt/connection.php
@@ -49,6 +49,15 @@
                 $userId = $payload['userId'] ?? '';
                 $sessionId = $payload['sessionId'] ?? '';
 
+                // Same binding as the HTTP and realtime user resources: a JWT is only good for
+                // the project that minted it, and one minted before the projectId claim existed
+                // only when it names a session.
+                $jwtProjectId = $payload['projectId'] ?? '';
+                $bound = $jwtProjectId !== '' ? $jwtProjectId === $project->getId() : $sessionId !== '';
+                if (!$bound) {
+                    return new User([]);
+                }
+
                 /** @var User $user */
                 $user = $dbForProject->getDocument('users', $userId);
 
diff --git a/app/init/realtime/connection.php b/app/init/realtime/connection.php
index 0c2da225d4c..50942bb8c1b 100644
--- a/app/init/realtime/connection.php
+++ b/app/init/realtime/connection.php
@@ -239,15 +239,15 @@
             // signup, so a token is only good for the project that minted it. Tokens
             // minted before the projectId claim existed are accepted only when bound
             // to a session, whose ID the server generated and no other project holds.
+            // An unbound token authenticates nobody rather than failing the request:
+            // a function domain resolves to the console, and clients send their
+            // project's JWT there for the function to read.
             $jwtProjectId = $payload['projectId'] ?? '';
             $expectedProjectId = $mode === APP_MODE_ADMIN ? $console->getId() : $project->getId();
             $bound = $jwtProjectId !== '' ? $jwtProjectId === $expectedProjectId : !empty($payload['sessionId']);
-            if (!$bound) {
-                throw new Exception(Exception::USER_JWT_INVALID, 'JWT was not issued for this project.');
-            }
 
             $jwtUserId = $payload['userId'] ?? '';
-            if (!empty($jwtUserId)) {
+            if ($bound && !empty($jwtUserId)) {
                 if ($mode === APP_MODE_ADMIN) {
                     /** @var User $user */
                     $user = $dbForPlatform->getDocument('users', $jwtUserId);
diff --git a/app/init/resources/request.php b/app/init/resources/request.php
index 31a84a79884..791e3bf3f57 100644
--- a/app/init/resources/request.php
+++ b/app/init/resources/request.php
@@ -530,15 +530,15 @@
             // signup, so a token is only good for the project that minted it. Tokens
             // minted before the projectId claim existed are accepted only when bound
             // to a session, whose ID the server generated and no other project holds.
+            // An unbound token authenticates nobody rather than failing the request:
+            // a function domain resolves to the console, and clients send their
+            // project's JWT there for the function to read.
             $jwtProjectId = $payload['projectId'] ?? '';
             $expectedProjectId = $mode === APP_MODE_ADMIN ? $console->getId() : $project->getId();
             $bound = $jwtProjectId !== '' ? $jwtProjectId === $expectedProjectId : ! empty($payload['sessionId']);
-            if (! $bound) {
-                throw new Exception(Exception::USER_JWT_INVALID, 'JWT was not issued for this project.');
-            }
 
             $jwtUserId = $payload['userId'] ?? '';
-            if (! empty($jwtUserId)) {
+            if ($bound && ! empty($jwtUserId)) {
                 if ($mode === APP_MODE_ADMIN) {
                     /** @var User $user */
                     $user = $dbForPlatform->getDocument('users', $jwtUserId);
diff --git a/src/Appwrite/Platform/Modules/VCS/Http/GitHub/Events/Create.php b/src/Appwrite/Platform/Modules/VCS/Http/GitHub/Events/Create.php
index 070b67f008e..d798178e27b 100644
--- a/src/Appwrite/Platform/Modules/VCS/Http/GitHub/Events/Create.php
+++ b/src/Appwrite/Platform/Modules/VCS/Http/GitHub/Events/Create.php
@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ public function action(
         $signature = $request->getHeaderLine('x-hub-signature-256', '');
         $secretKey = $vcsWebhookSecret('github');
 
-        $valid = empty($secretKey) ? true : $vcs->validateWebhookEvent($payload, $signature, $secretKey);
+        $valid = !empty($secretKey) && $vcs->validateWebhookEvent($payload, $signature, $secretKey);
         Span::add('vcs.github.event.signature.valid', $valid);
 
         if (!$valid) {
-            throw new Exception(Exception::GENERAL_ACCESS_FORBIDDEN, "Invalid webhook payload signature. Please make sure the webhook secret has same value in your GitHub app and in the _APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET environment variable");
+            throw new Exception(Exception::GENERAL_ACCESS_FORBIDDEN, 'Invalid webhook payload signature. Please make sure the webhook secret has same value in your GitHub app and in the _APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET environment variable');
         }
 
         $parsedPayloads = $vcs->getEvents($event, $payload);
diff --git a/tests/e2e/Services/Functions/FunctionsCustomServerTest.php b/tests/e2e/Services/Functions/FunctionsCustomServerTest.php
index 7f2e48ab9c2..304bdd6b52b 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/Services/Functions/FunctionsCustomServerTest.php
+++ b/tests/e2e/Services/Functions/FunctionsCustomServerTest.php
@@ -2982,6 +2982,58 @@ public function testCookieExecution()
         $this->cleanupFunction($functionId);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * A function domain resolves to the console, and clients send their own project's
+     * user JWT there for the function to read. That JWT authenticates nobody at the
+     * console, but it must not stop the request from reaching the function.
+     */
+    public function testFunctionsDomainServesRequestCarryingAnotherProjectsJwt(): void
+    {
+        $functionId = $this->setupFunction([
+            'functionId' => ID::unique(),
+            'name' => 'Domain with foreign JWT',
+            'runtime' => 'node-22',
+            'entrypoint' => 'index.js',
+            'timeout' => 15,
+            'execute' => ['any'],
+        ]);
+        $domain = $this->setupFunctionDomain($functionId);
+        $this->setupDeployment($functionId, [
+            'code' => $this->packageFunction('cookies'),
+            'activate' => true,
+        ]);
+
+        $otherProject = $this->getProject(true);
+        $user = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/users', [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $otherProject['$id'],
+            'x-appwrite-key' => $otherProject['apiKey'],
+        ], [
+            'userId' => ID::unique(),
+            'email' => 'foreign-jwt-' . ID::unique() . '@appwrite.io',
+            'password' => 'password',
+        ]);
+        $this->assertEquals(201, $user['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        $jwt = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/users/' . $user['body']['$id'] . '/jwts', [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $otherProject['$id'],
+            'x-appwrite-key' => $otherProject['apiKey'],
+        ]);
+        $this->assertEquals(201, $jwt['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        $proxyClient = new Client();
+        $proxyClient->setEndpoint('http://' . $domain);
+
+        $response = $proxyClient->call(Client::METHOD_GET, '/', [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-jwt' => $jwt['body']['jwt'],
+        ]);
+        $this->assertEquals(200, $response['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        $this->cleanupFunction($functionId);
+    }
+
     public function testFunctionsDomain()
     {
         $functionId = $this->setupFunction([
diff --git a/tests/e2e/Services/Mqtt/MqttServerTest.php b/tests/e2e/Services/Mqtt/MqttServerTest.php
index ff48fa68d5e..e2c7fcdefc7 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/Services/Mqtt/MqttServerTest.php
+++ b/tests/e2e/Services/Mqtt/MqttServerTest.php
@@ -125,6 +125,42 @@ public function testBlockedUserConnectRejected(): void
         $subscriber->disconnect();
     }
 
+    public function testJwtFromAnotherProjectConnectRejected(): void
+    {
+        $projectId = $this->getProject()['$id'];
+        ['userId' => $userId] = $this->createUser();
+
+        // Another project holds a user with the same ID and mints a session-less JWT for it.
+        $otherProject = $this->getProject(true);
+        $user = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/users', [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $otherProject['$id'],
+            'x-appwrite-key' => $otherProject['apiKey'],
+        ], [
+            'userId' => $userId,
+            'email' => 'mqtt-other-' . $userId . '@appwrite.io',
+            'password' => 'password',
+        ]);
+        $this->assertEquals(201, $user['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        $jwt = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/users/' . $userId . '/jwts', [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $otherProject['$id'],
+            'x-appwrite-key' => $otherProject['apiKey'],
+        ]);
+        $this->assertEquals(201, $jwt['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        // Still good where it was minted.
+        $own = new MqttSubscriber(self::BROKER_HOST, self::BROKER_PORT);
+        $this->assertSame(0, $own->connect($otherProject['$id'], $jwt['body']['jwt'], 'e2e-jwt-own-' . $userId, cleanStart: true));
+        $own->disconnect();
+
+        // Test for FAILURE: replayed against this project, it must not authenticate as this project's user.
+        $subscriber = new MqttSubscriber(self::BROKER_HOST, self::BROKER_PORT);
+        $this->assertSame(0x87, $subscriber->connect($projectId, $jwt['body']['jwt'], 'e2e-jwt-cross-' . $userId, cleanStart: true));
+        $subscriber->disconnect();
+    }
+
     public function testSessionAuthConnect(): void
     {
         $projectId = $this->getProject()['$id'];
diff --git a/tests/e2e/Services/Users/UsersCustomServerTest.php b/tests/e2e/Services/Users/UsersCustomServerTest.php
index c78feb737fe..7a2121e4fb1 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/Services/Users/UsersCustomServerTest.php
+++ b/tests/e2e/Services/Users/UsersCustomServerTest.php
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 
 namespace Tests\E2E\Services\Users;
 
+use Ahc\Jwt\JWT;
 use Tests\E2E\Client;
 use Tests\E2E\Scopes\ProjectCustom;
 use Tests\E2E\Scopes\Scope;
 use Tests\E2E\Scopes\SideServer;
 use Utopia\Database\Helpers\ID;
+use Utopia\System\System;
 
 final class UsersCustomServerTest extends Scope
 {
@@ -77,4 +79,103 @@ public function testUserJWTIsBoundToItsProject(): void
         $this->assertSame(401, $console['headers']['status-code']);
         $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('email', $console['body']);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * JWTs minted before the projectId claim existed are still in flight at deploy. They are
+     * accepted only when they name a session, and only while that session lives in the project.
+     */
+    public function testLegacyJWTWithoutProjectClaimIsBoundBySession(): void
+    {
+        $project = $this->getProject();
+        $otherProject = $this->getProject(true);
+        $userId = ID::unique();
+
+        foreach ([$project, $otherProject] as $p) {
+            $user = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/users', [
+                'content-type' => 'application/json',
+                'x-appwrite-project' => $p['$id'],
+                'x-appwrite-key' => $p['apiKey'],
+            ], [
+                'userId' => $userId,
+                'email' => 'legacy-' . ID::unique() . '@appwrite.io',
+                'password' => 'password',
+            ]);
+            $this->assertSame(201, $user['headers']['status-code']);
+        }
+
+        $session = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/users/' . $userId . '/sessions', [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $project['$id'],
+            'x-appwrite-key' => $project['apiKey'],
+        ]);
+        $this->assertSame(201, $session['headers']['status-code']);
+        $sessionId = $session['body']['$id'];
+
+        // The payload shape every minter produced before this change.
+        $encoder = new JWT(System::getEnv('_APP_OPENSSL_KEY_V1'), 'HS256', 900, 0);
+        $withSession = $encoder->encode(['userId' => $userId, 'sessionId' => $sessionId]);
+        $withoutSession = $encoder->encode(['userId' => $userId, 'sessionId' => '']);
+
+        $account = fn (string $projectId, string $jwt) => $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_GET, '/account', [
+            'origin' => 'http://localhost',
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $projectId,
+            'x-appwrite-jwt' => $jwt,
+        ]);
+
+        $own = $account($project['$id'], $withSession);
+        $this->assertSame(200, $own['headers']['status-code']);
+        $this->assertSame($userId, $own['body']['$id']);
+
+        // The other project's user has the same ID but not the session.
+        $this->assertSame(401, $account($otherProject['$id'], $withSession)['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        // Without a session nothing ties it to a project.
+        $this->assertSame(401, $account($project['$id'], $withoutSession)['headers']['status-code']);
+        $this->assertSame(401, $account($otherProject['$id'], $withoutSession)['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        $deleted = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_DELETE, '/users/' . $userId . '/sessions/' . $sessionId, [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $project['$id'],
+            'x-appwrite-key' => $project['apiKey'],
+        ]);
+        $this->assertSame(204, $deleted['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        $this->assertSame(401, $account($project['$id'], $withSession)['headers']['status-code']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In admin mode the caller holds a console session, so a JWT created there belongs to the
+     * console and authenticates admin-mode requests for any project the console user manages.
+     */
+    public function testAdminModeJWTIsBoundToConsole(): void
+    {
+        $project = $this->getProject();
+        $admin = [
+            'origin' => 'http://localhost',
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $project['$id'],
+            'x-appwrite-mode' => 'admin',
+        ];
+
+        $jwt = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/account/jwts', array_merge($admin, [
+            'cookie' => 'a_session_console=' . $this->getRoot()['session'],
+        ]));
+        $this->assertSame(201, $jwt['headers']['status-code']);
+
+        $account = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_GET, '/account', array_merge($admin, [
+            'x-appwrite-jwt' => $jwt['body']['jwt'],
+        ]));
+        $this->assertSame(200, $account['headers']['status-code']);
+        $this->assertSame($this->getRoot()['$id'], $account['body']['$id']);
+
+        // Outside admin mode the same token would resolve the console user's ID in the project's own users.
+        $client = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_GET, '/account', [
+            'origin' => 'http://localhost',
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-appwrite-project' => $project['$id'],
+            'x-appwrite-jwt' => $jwt['body']['jwt'],
+        ]);
+        $this->assertSame(401, $client['headers']['status-code']);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/e2e/Services/VCSGitHub/VCSGitHubConsoleClientTest.php b/tests/e2e/Services/VCSGitHub/VCSGitHubConsoleClientTest.php
index bc77dd5adb9..320c0d2bd67 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/Services/VCSGitHub/VCSGitHubConsoleClientTest.php
+++ b/tests/e2e/Services/VCSGitHub/VCSGitHubConsoleClientTest.php
@@ -667,15 +667,12 @@ private function sendPushEvent(): array
         $headers = [
             'content-type' => 'application/json',
             'x-github-event' => 'push',
-        ];
-        $secret = System::getEnv('_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET', '');
-        if (!empty($secret)) {
-            $headers['x-hub-signature-256'] = 'sha256=' . \hash_hmac(
+            'x-hub-signature-256' => 'sha256=' . \hash_hmac(
                 'sha256',
                 \json_encode($payload, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR),
-                $secret,
-            );
-        }
+                System::getEnv('_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET', ''),
+            ),
+        ];
 
         // GitHub webhooks are public and intentionally have no x-appwrite-project header.
         $event = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/vcs/github/events', $headers, $payload);
@@ -683,6 +680,31 @@ private function sendPushEvent(): array
         return ['event' => $event, 'commit' => $commit];
     }
 
+    public function testCreateEventWithInvalidSignature(): void
+    {
+        $payload = [
+            'action' => 'deleted',
+            'installation' => ['id' => (int) $this->providerInstallationId],
+        ];
+
+        $event = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/vcs/github/events', [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-github-event' => 'installation',
+        ], $payload);
+
+        $this->assertEquals(403, $event['headers']['status-code']);
+        $this->assertEquals('general_access_forbidden', $event['body']['type']);
+
+        $event = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/vcs/github/events', [
+            'content-type' => 'application/json',
+            'x-github-event' => 'installation',
+            'x-hub-signature-256' => 'sha256=' . \hash_hmac('sha256', \json_encode($payload, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR), 'wrong-secret'),
+        ], $payload);
+
+        $this->assertEquals(403, $event['headers']['status-code']);
+        $this->assertEquals('general_access_forbidden', $event['body']['type']);
+    }
+
     public function testGitHubPushCreatesFunctionDeploymentWithoutProjectHeader(): void
     {
         $data = $this->setupFunctionUsingVCS();
diff --git a/tests/unit/Vcs/FactoryTest.php b/tests/unit/Vcs/FactoryTest.php
index 5629ebdf6db..7877fd1396c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/Vcs/FactoryTest.php
+++ b/tests/unit/Vcs/FactoryTest.php
@@ -192,13 +192,18 @@ public function testFromProviderForBrowserFallsBackToTheApiEndpoint(): void
 
     public function testGetWebhookSecret(): void
     {
-        $factory = new Factory($this->cache(), ['github' => $this->githubEntry()]);
+        $entry = [
+            'adapter' => GitHub::class,
+            'variables' => [
+                'webhookSecret' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_TEST_TOKEN'],
+            ],
+        ];
+        $factory = new Factory($this->cache(), ['github' => $entry]);
 
         $this->assertSame('', $factory->getWebhookSecret('github'));
 
-        \putenv('_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET=hunter2');
+        \putenv('_APP_VCS_TEST_TOKEN=hunter2');
         $this->assertSame('hunter2', $factory->getWebhookSecret('github'));
-        \putenv('_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET');
     }
 
     protected function cache(): Cache
@@ -220,7 +225,7 @@ protected function githubEntry(): array
                 'appId' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_APP_ID'],
                 'clientId' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_CLIENT_ID'],
                 'clientSecret' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET'],
-                'webhookSecret' => ['required' => false, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET'],
+                'webhookSecret' => ['required' => true, 'envVariable' => '_APP_VCS_GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET'],
             ],
         ];
     }