From cb438171482a8c3cf02b65dc8cd845632338130e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sebastian Beltran <bjohansebas@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Feb 2026 00:40:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] feat: add remark plugin to rewrite localized links in
 Markdown content

---
 astro/astro.config.mjs                        |   2 +
 astro/src/content/docs/en/4x/guide/routing.md |  42 +-
 astro/src/content/docs/en/5x/guide/routing.md |  42 +-
 astro/src/content/docs/es/5x/guide/routing.md | 417 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../utils/remark/rewrite-localized-links.mjs  | 236 ++++++++++
 5 files changed, 697 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 astro/src/content/docs/es/5x/guide/routing.md
 create mode 100644 astro/src/utils/remark/rewrite-localized-links.mjs

diff --git a/astro/astro.config.mjs b/astro/astro.config.mjs
index 095044e693..1e41fd7e46 100644
--- a/astro/astro.config.mjs
+++ b/astro/astro.config.mjs
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 import { defineConfig } from 'astro/config';
 import mdx from '@astrojs/mdx';
 import icon from 'astro-icon';
+import remarkRewriteLocalizedLinks from './src/utils/remark/rewrite-localized-links.mjs';
 
 // https://astro.build/config
 export default defineConfig({
   integrations: [mdx(), icon()],
   markdown: {
+    remarkPlugins: [[remarkRewriteLocalizedLinks, { prefixes: ['guide', 'starter', 'api'] }]],
     shikiConfig: {
       theme: 'github-dark',
     },
diff --git a/astro/src/content/docs/en/4x/guide/routing.md b/astro/src/content/docs/en/4x/guide/routing.md
index cd1f1db834..e49c4ae959 100755
--- a/astro/src/content/docs/en/4x/guide/routing.md
+++ b/astro/src/content/docs/en/4x/guide/routing.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ description: Learn how to define and use routes in Express.js applications, incl
 # Routing
 
 _Routing_ refers to how an application's endpoints (URIs) respond to client requests.
-For an introduction to routing, see [Basic routing](/{{ page.lang }}/starter/basic-routing.html).
+For an introduction to routing, see [Basic routing](/starter/basic-routing.html).
 
 You define routing using methods of the Express `app` object that correspond to HTTP methods;
 for example, `app.get()` to handle GET requests and `app.post` to handle POST requests. For a full list,
-see [app.METHOD](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.METHOD). You can also use [app.all()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.all) to handle all HTTP methods and [app.use()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.use) to
-specify middleware as the callback function (See [Using middleware](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/using-middleware.html) for details).
+see [app.METHOD](/api/application/app-METHOD). You can also use [app.all()](/api/application/app-all) to handle all HTTP methods and [app.use()](/api/application/app-use) to
+specify middleware as the callback function (See [Using middleware](/guide/using-middleware.html) for details).
 
 These routing methods specify a callback function (sometimes called "handler functions") called when the application receives a request to the specified route (endpoint) and HTTP method. In other words, the application "listens" for requests that match the specified route(s) and method(s), and when it detects a match, it calls the specified callback function.
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ app.post('/', (req, res) => {
 ```
 
 Express supports methods that correspond to all HTTP request methods: `get`, `post`, and so on.
-For a full list, see [app.METHOD](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.METHOD).
+For a full list, see [app.METHOD](/api/application/app-METHOD).
 
 There is a special routing method, `app.all()`, used to load middleware functions at a path for _all_ HTTP request methods. For example, the following handler is executed for requests to the route `"/secret"` whether using `GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, `DELETE`, or any other HTTP request method supported in the [http module](https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#http_http_methods).
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ app.all('/secret', (req, res, next) => {
 
 Route paths, in combination with a request method, define the endpoints at which requests can be made. Route paths can be strings, string patterns, or regular expressions.
 
-{% capture caution-character %} In express 5, the characters `?`, `+`, `*`, `[]`, and `()` are handled differently than in version 4, please review the [migration guide](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
+{% capture caution-character %} In express 5, the characters `?`, `+`, `*`, `[]`, and `()` are handled differently than in version 4, please review the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
 
 {% include admonitions/caution.html content=caution-character %}
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ app.get('/random.text', (req, res) => {
 
 ### Route paths based on string patterns
 
-{% capture caution-string-patterns %} The string patterns in Express 5 no longer work. Please refer to the [migration guide](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
+{% capture caution-string-patterns %} The string patterns in Express 5 no longer work. Please refer to the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
 
 {% include admonitions/caution.html content=caution-string-patterns %}
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ req.params: { "genus": "Prunus", "species": "persica" }
 ```
 
 {% capture warning-regexp %}
-In express 5, Regexp characters are not supported in route paths, for more information please refer to the [migration guide](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax).{% endcapture %}
+In express 5, Regexp characters are not supported in route paths, for more information please refer to the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax).{% endcapture %}
 
 {% include admonitions/caution.html content=warning-regexp %}
 
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ In Express 4.x, <a href="https://github.com/expressjs/express/issues/2495">the `
 
 <h2 id="route-handlers">Route handlers</h2>
 
-You can provide multiple callback functions that behave like [middleware](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/using-middleware.html) to handle a request. The only exception is that these callbacks might invoke `next('route')` to bypass the remaining route callbacks. You can use this mechanism to impose pre-conditions on a route, then pass control to subsequent routes if there's no reason to proceed with the current route.
+You can provide multiple callback functions that behave like [middleware](/guide/using-middleware.html) to handle a request. The only exception is that these callbacks might invoke `next('route')` to bypass the remaining route callbacks. You can use this mechanism to impose pre-conditions on a route, then pass control to subsequent routes if there's no reason to proceed with the current route.
 
 ```js
 app.get('/user/:id', (req, res, next) => {
@@ -334,22 +334,22 @@ app.get(
 
 The methods on the response object (`res`) in the following table can send a response to the client, and terminate the request-response cycle. If none of these methods are called from a route handler, the client request will be left hanging.
 
-| Method                                                          | Description                                                                           |
-| --------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [res.download()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.download)     | Prompt a file to be downloaded.                                                       |
-| [res.end()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.end)               | End the response process.                                                             |
-| [res.json()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.json)             | Send a JSON response.                                                                 |
-| [res.jsonp()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.jsonp)           | Send a JSON response with JSONP support.                                              |
-| [res.redirect()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.redirect)     | Redirect a request.                                                                   |
-| [res.render()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.render)         | Render a view template.                                                               |
-| [res.send()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.send)             | Send a response of various types.                                                     |
-| [res.sendFile()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.sendFile)     | Send a file as an octet stream.                                                       |
-| [res.sendStatus()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.sendStatus) | Set the response status code and send its string representation as the response body. |
+| Method                                           | Description                                                                           |
+| ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [res.download()](/api/response/res-download)     | Prompt a file to be downloaded.                                                       |
+| [res.end()](/api/response/res-end)               | End the response process.                                                             |
+| [res.json()](/api/response/res-json)             | Send a JSON response.                                                                 |
+| [res.jsonp()](/api/response/res-jsonp)           | Send a JSON response with JSONP support.                                              |
+| [res.redirect()](/api/response/res-redirect)     | Redirect a request.                                                                   |
+| [res.render()](/api/response/res-render)         | Render a view template.                                                               |
+| [res.send()](/api/response/res-send)             | Send a response of various types.                                                     |
+| [res.sendFile()](/api/response/res-sendfile)     | Send a file as an octet stream.                                                       |
+| [res.sendStatus()](/api/response/res-sendstatus) | Set the response status code and send its string representation as the response body. |
 
 <h2 id="app-route">app.route()</h2>
 
 You can create chainable route handlers for a route path by using `app.route()`.
-Because the path is specified at a single location, creating modular routes is helpful, as is reducing redundancy and typos. For more information about routes, see: [Router() documentation](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#router).
+Because the path is specified at a single location, creating modular routes is helpful, as is reducing redundancy and typos. For more information about routes, see: [Router() documentation](/api.html#router).
 
 Here is an example of chained route handlers that are defined by using `app.route()`.
 
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ app.use('/birds', birds);
 
 The app will now be able to handle requests to `/birds` and `/birds/about`, as well as call the `timeLog` middleware function that is specific to the route.
 
-But if the parent route `/birds` has path parameters, it will not be accessible by default from the sub-routes. To make it accessible, you will need to pass the `mergeParams` option to the Router constructor [reference](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.use).
+But if the parent route `/birds` has path parameters, it will not be accessible by default from the sub-routes. To make it accessible, you will need to pass the `mergeParams` option to the Router constructor [reference](/api/application/app-use).
 
 ```js
 const router = express.Router({ mergeParams: true });
diff --git a/astro/src/content/docs/en/5x/guide/routing.md b/astro/src/content/docs/en/5x/guide/routing.md
index cd1f1db834..a7738ef562 100755
--- a/astro/src/content/docs/en/5x/guide/routing.md
+++ b/astro/src/content/docs/en/5x/guide/routing.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ description: Learn how to define and use routes in Express.js applications, incl
 # Routing
 
 _Routing_ refers to how an application's endpoints (URIs) respond to client requests.
-For an introduction to routing, see [Basic routing](/{{ page.lang }}/starter/basic-routing.html).
+For an introduction to routing, see [Basic routing](/starter/basic-routing.html).
 
 You define routing using methods of the Express `app` object that correspond to HTTP methods;
 for example, `app.get()` to handle GET requests and `app.post` to handle POST requests. For a full list,
-see [app.METHOD](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.METHOD). You can also use [app.all()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.all) to handle all HTTP methods and [app.use()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.use) to
-specify middleware as the callback function (See [Using middleware](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/using-middleware.html) for details).
+see [app.METHOD](/api/application/app-METHOD). You can also use [app.all()](/api/application/app-all) to handle all HTTP methods and [app.use()](/api/application/app-use) to
+specify middleware as the callback function (See [Using middleware](/guide/using-middleware.html) for details).
 
 These routing methods specify a callback function (sometimes called "handler functions") called when the application receives a request to the specified route (endpoint) and HTTP method. In other words, the application "listens" for requests that match the specified route(s) and method(s), and when it detects a match, it calls the specified callback function.
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ app.post('/', (req, res) => {
 ```
 
 Express supports methods that correspond to all HTTP request methods: `get`, `post`, and so on.
-For a full list, see [app.METHOD](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.METHOD).
+For a full list, see [app.METHOD](/api/application/app-METHOD).
 
 There is a special routing method, `app.all()`, used to load middleware functions at a path for _all_ HTTP request methods. For example, the following handler is executed for requests to the route `"/secret"` whether using `GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, `DELETE`, or any other HTTP request method supported in the [http module](https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#http_http_methods).
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ app.all('/secret', (req, res, next) => {
 
 Route paths, in combination with a request method, define the endpoints at which requests can be made. Route paths can be strings, string patterns, or regular expressions.
 
-{% capture caution-character %} In express 5, the characters `?`, `+`, `*`, `[]`, and `()` are handled differently than in version 4, please review the [migration guide](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
+{% capture caution-character %} In express 5, the characters `?`, `+`, `*`, `[]`, and `()` are handled differently than in version 4, please review the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
 
 {% include admonitions/caution.html content=caution-character %}
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ app.get('/random.text', (req, res) => {
 
 ### Route paths based on string patterns
 
-{% capture caution-string-patterns %} The string patterns in Express 5 no longer work. Please refer to the [migration guide](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
+{% capture caution-string-patterns %} The string patterns in Express 5 no longer work. Please refer to the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
 
 {% include admonitions/caution.html content=caution-string-patterns %}
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ req.params: { "genus": "Prunus", "species": "persica" }
 ```
 
 {% capture warning-regexp %}
-In express 5, Regexp characters are not supported in route paths, for more information please refer to the [migration guide](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax).{% endcapture %}
+In express 5, Regexp characters are not supported in route paths, for more information please refer to the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax).{% endcapture %}
 
 {% include admonitions/caution.html content=warning-regexp %}
 
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ In Express 4.x, <a href="https://github.com/expressjs/express/issues/2495">the `
 
 <h2 id="route-handlers">Route handlers</h2>
 
-You can provide multiple callback functions that behave like [middleware](/{{ page.lang }}/guide/using-middleware.html) to handle a request. The only exception is that these callbacks might invoke `next('route')` to bypass the remaining route callbacks. You can use this mechanism to impose pre-conditions on a route, then pass control to subsequent routes if there's no reason to proceed with the current route.
+You can provide multiple callback functions that behave like [middleware](/guide/using-middleware.html) to handle a request. The only exception is that these callbacks might invoke `next('route')` to bypass the remaining route callbacks. You can use this mechanism to impose pre-conditions on a route, then pass control to subsequent routes if there's no reason to proceed with the current route.
 
 ```js
 app.get('/user/:id', (req, res, next) => {
@@ -334,22 +334,22 @@ app.get(
 
 The methods on the response object (`res`) in the following table can send a response to the client, and terminate the request-response cycle. If none of these methods are called from a route handler, the client request will be left hanging.
 
-| Method                                                          | Description                                                                           |
-| --------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [res.download()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.download)     | Prompt a file to be downloaded.                                                       |
-| [res.end()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.end)               | End the response process.                                                             |
-| [res.json()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.json)             | Send a JSON response.                                                                 |
-| [res.jsonp()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.jsonp)           | Send a JSON response with JSONP support.                                              |
-| [res.redirect()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.redirect)     | Redirect a request.                                                                   |
-| [res.render()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.render)         | Render a view template.                                                               |
-| [res.send()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.send)             | Send a response of various types.                                                     |
-| [res.sendFile()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.sendFile)     | Send a file as an octet stream.                                                       |
-| [res.sendStatus()](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#res.sendStatus) | Set the response status code and send its string representation as the response body. |
+| Method                                           | Description                                                                           |
+| ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [res.download()](/api/response/res-download)     | Prompt a file to be downloaded.                                                       |
+| [res.end()](/api/response/res-end)               | End the response process.                                                             |
+| [res.json()](/api/response/res-json)             | Send a JSON response.                                                                 |
+| [res.jsonp()](/api/response/res-jsonp)           | Send a JSON response with JSONP support.                                              |
+| [res.redirect()](/api/response/res-redirect)     | Redirect a request.                                                                   |
+| [res.render()](/api/response/res-render)         | Render a view template.                                                               |
+| [res.send()](/api/response/res-send)             | Send a response of various types.                                                     |
+| [res.sendFile()](/api/response/res-sendFile)     | Send a file as an octet stream.                                                       |
+| [res.sendStatus()](/api/response/res-sendStatus) | Set the response status code and send its string representation as the response body. |
 
 <h2 id="app-route">app.route()</h2>
 
 You can create chainable route handlers for a route path by using `app.route()`.
-Because the path is specified at a single location, creating modular routes is helpful, as is reducing redundancy and typos. For more information about routes, see: [Router() documentation](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#router).
+Because the path is specified at a single location, creating modular routes is helpful, as is reducing redundancy and typos. For more information about routes, see: [Router() documentation](/api.html#router).
 
 Here is an example of chained route handlers that are defined by using `app.route()`.
 
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ app.use('/birds', birds);
 
 The app will now be able to handle requests to `/birds` and `/birds/about`, as well as call the `timeLog` middleware function that is specific to the route.
 
-But if the parent route `/birds` has path parameters, it will not be accessible by default from the sub-routes. To make it accessible, you will need to pass the `mergeParams` option to the Router constructor [reference](/{{ page.lang }}/5x/api.html#app.use).
+But if the parent route `/birds` has path parameters, it will not be accessible by default from the sub-routes. To make it accessible, you will need to pass the `mergeParams` option to the Router constructor [reference](/api/application/app-use).
 
 ```js
 const router = express.Router({ mergeParams: true });
diff --git a/astro/src/content/docs/es/5x/guide/routing.md b/astro/src/content/docs/es/5x/guide/routing.md
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..a7738ef562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/astro/src/content/docs/es/5x/guide/routing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+---
+title: Express routing
+description: Learn how to define and use routes in Express.js applications, including route methods, route paths, parameters, and using Router for modular routing.
+---
+
+# Routing
+
+_Routing_ refers to how an application's endpoints (URIs) respond to client requests.
+For an introduction to routing, see [Basic routing](/starter/basic-routing.html).
+
+You define routing using methods of the Express `app` object that correspond to HTTP methods;
+for example, `app.get()` to handle GET requests and `app.post` to handle POST requests. For a full list,
+see [app.METHOD](/api/application/app-METHOD). You can also use [app.all()](/api/application/app-all) to handle all HTTP methods and [app.use()](/api/application/app-use) to
+specify middleware as the callback function (See [Using middleware](/guide/using-middleware.html) for details).
+
+These routing methods specify a callback function (sometimes called "handler functions") called when the application receives a request to the specified route (endpoint) and HTTP method. In other words, the application "listens" for requests that match the specified route(s) and method(s), and when it detects a match, it calls the specified callback function.
+
+In fact, the routing methods can have more than one callback function as arguments.
+With multiple callback functions, it is important to provide `next` as an argument to the callback function and then call `next()` within the body of the function to hand off control
+to the next callback.
+
+The following code is an example of a very basic route.
+
+```js
+const express = require('express');
+const app = express();
+
+// respond with "hello world" when a GET request is made to the homepage
+app.get('/', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('hello world');
+});
+```
+
+<h2 id="route-methods">Route methods</h2>
+
+A route method is derived from one of the HTTP methods, and is attached to an instance of the `express` class.
+
+The following code is an example of routes that are defined for the `GET` and the `POST` methods to the root of the app.
+
+```js
+// GET method route
+app.get('/', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('GET request to the homepage');
+});
+
+// POST method route
+app.post('/', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('POST request to the homepage');
+});
+```
+
+Express supports methods that correspond to all HTTP request methods: `get`, `post`, and so on.
+For a full list, see [app.METHOD](/api/application/app-METHOD).
+
+There is a special routing method, `app.all()`, used to load middleware functions at a path for _all_ HTTP request methods. For example, the following handler is executed for requests to the route `"/secret"` whether using `GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, `DELETE`, or any other HTTP request method supported in the [http module](https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#http_http_methods).
+
+```js
+app.all('/secret', (req, res, next) => {
+  console.log('Accessing the secret section ...');
+  next(); // pass control to the next handler
+});
+```
+
+<h2 id="route-paths">Route paths</h2>
+
+Route paths, in combination with a request method, define the endpoints at which requests can be made. Route paths can be strings, string patterns, or regular expressions.
+
+{% capture caution-character %} In express 5, the characters `?`, `+`, `*`, `[]`, and `()` are handled differently than in version 4, please review the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
+
+{% include admonitions/caution.html content=caution-character %}
+
+{% capture note-dollar-character %}In express 4, regular expression characters such as `$` need to be escaped with a `\`.
+{% endcapture %}
+
+{% include admonitions/caution.html content=note-dollar-character %}
+
+{% capture note-path-to-regexp %}
+
+Express uses [path-to-regexp](https://www.npmjs.com/package/path-to-regexp) for matching the route paths; see the path-to-regexp documentation for all the possibilities in defining route paths. [Express Playground Router](https://bjohansebas.github.io/playground-router/) is a handy tool for testing basic Express routes, although it does not support pattern matching.
+
+{% endcapture %}
+
+{% include admonitions/note.html content=note-path-to-regexp %}
+
+{% capture query-string-note %}
+
+Query strings are not part of the route path.
+
+{% endcapture %}
+
+{% include admonitions/warning.html content=query-string-note %}
+
+### Route paths based on strings
+
+This route path will match requests to the root route, `/`.
+
+```js
+app.get('/', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('root');
+});
+```
+
+This route path will match requests to `/about`.
+
+```js
+app.get('/about', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('about');
+});
+```
+
+This route path will match requests to `/random.text`.
+
+```js
+app.get('/random.text', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('random.text');
+});
+```
+
+### Route paths based on string patterns
+
+{% capture caution-string-patterns %} The string patterns in Express 5 no longer work. Please refer to the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax) for more information.{% endcapture %}
+
+{% include admonitions/caution.html content=caution-string-patterns %}
+
+This route path will match `acd` and `abcd`.
+
+```js
+app.get('/ab?cd', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('ab?cd');
+});
+```
+
+This route path will match `abcd`, `abbcd`, `abbbcd`, and so on.
+
+```js
+app.get('/ab+cd', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('ab+cd');
+});
+```
+
+This route path will match `abcd`, `abxcd`, `abRANDOMcd`, `ab123cd`, and so on.
+
+```js
+app.get('/ab*cd', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('ab*cd');
+});
+```
+
+This route path will match `/abe` and `/abcde`.
+
+```js
+app.get('/ab(cd)?e', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('ab(cd)?e');
+});
+```
+
+### Route paths based on regular expressions
+
+This route path will match anything with an "a" in it.
+
+```js
+app.get(/a/, (req, res) => {
+  res.send('/a/');
+});
+```
+
+This route path will match `butterfly` and `dragonfly`, but not `butterflyman`, `dragonflyman`, and so on.
+
+```js
+app.get(/.*fly$/, (req, res) => {
+  res.send('/.*fly$/');
+});
+```
+
+<h2 id="route-parameters">Route parameters</h2>
+
+Route parameters are named URL segments that are used to capture the values specified at their position in the URL. The captured values are populated in the `req.params` object, with the name of the route parameter specified in the path as their respective keys.
+
+```
+Route path: /users/:userId/books/:bookId
+Request URL: http://localhost:3000/users/34/books/8989
+req.params: { "userId": "34", "bookId": "8989" }
+```
+
+To define routes with route parameters, simply specify the route parameters in the path of the route as shown below.
+
+```js
+app.get('/users/:userId/books/:bookId', (req, res) => {
+  res.send(req.params);
+});
+```
+
+<div class="doc-box doc-notice" markdown="1">
+The name of route parameters must be made up of "word characters" ([A-Za-z0-9_]).
+</div>
+
+Since the hyphen (`-`) and the dot (`.`) are interpreted literally, they can be used along with route parameters for useful purposes.
+
+```
+Route path: /flights/:from-:to
+Request URL: http://localhost:3000/flights/LAX-SFO
+req.params: { "from": "LAX", "to": "SFO" }
+```
+
+```
+Route path: /plantae/:genus.:species
+Request URL: http://localhost:3000/plantae/Prunus.persica
+req.params: { "genus": "Prunus", "species": "persica" }
+```
+
+{% capture warning-regexp %}
+In express 5, Regexp characters are not supported in route paths, for more information please refer to the [migration guide](/guide/migrating-5.html#path-syntax).{% endcapture %}
+
+{% include admonitions/caution.html content=warning-regexp %}
+
+To have more control over the exact string that can be matched by a route parameter, you can append a regular expression in parentheses (`()`):
+
+```
+Route path: /user/:userId(\d+)
+Request URL: http://localhost:3000/user/42
+req.params: {"userId": "42"}
+```
+
+{% capture escape-advisory %}
+
+Because the regular expression is usually part of a literal string, be sure to escape any `\` characters with an additional backslash, for example `\\d+`.
+
+{% endcapture %}
+
+{% include admonitions/warning.html content=escape-advisory %}
+
+{% capture warning-version %}
+
+In Express 4.x, <a href="https://github.com/expressjs/express/issues/2495">the `*` character in regular expressions is not interpreted in the usual way</a>. As a workaround, use `{0,}` instead of `*`. This will likely be fixed in Express 5.
+
+{% endcapture %}
+
+{% include admonitions/warning.html content=warning-version %}
+
+<h2 id="route-handlers">Route handlers</h2>
+
+You can provide multiple callback functions that behave like [middleware](/guide/using-middleware.html) to handle a request. The only exception is that these callbacks might invoke `next('route')` to bypass the remaining route callbacks. You can use this mechanism to impose pre-conditions on a route, then pass control to subsequent routes if there's no reason to proceed with the current route.
+
+```js
+app.get('/user/:id', (req, res, next) => {
+  if (req.params.id === '0') {
+    return next('route');
+  }
+  res.send(`User ${req.params.id}`);
+});
+
+app.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('Special handler for user ID 0');
+});
+```
+
+In this example:
+
+- `GET /user/5` → handled by first route → sends "User 5"
+- `GET /user/0` → first route calls `next('route')`, skipping to the next matching `/user/:id` route
+
+Route handlers can be in the form of a function, an array of functions, or combinations of both, as shown in the following examples.
+
+A single callback function can handle a route. For example:
+
+```js
+app.get('/example/a', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('Hello from A!');
+});
+```
+
+More than one callback function can handle a route (make sure you specify the `next` object). For example:
+
+```js
+app.get(
+  '/example/b',
+  (req, res, next) => {
+    console.log('the response will be sent by the next function ...');
+    next();
+  },
+  (req, res) => {
+    res.send('Hello from B!');
+  }
+);
+```
+
+An array of callback functions can handle a route. For example:
+
+```js
+const cb0 = function (req, res, next) {
+  console.log('CB0');
+  next();
+};
+
+const cb1 = function (req, res, next) {
+  console.log('CB1');
+  next();
+};
+
+const cb2 = function (req, res) {
+  res.send('Hello from C!');
+};
+
+app.get('/example/c', [cb0, cb1, cb2]);
+```
+
+A combination of independent functions and arrays of functions can handle a route. For example:
+
+```js
+const cb0 = function (req, res, next) {
+  console.log('CB0');
+  next();
+};
+
+const cb1 = function (req, res, next) {
+  console.log('CB1');
+  next();
+};
+
+app.get(
+  '/example/d',
+  [cb0, cb1],
+  (req, res, next) => {
+    console.log('the response will be sent by the next function ...');
+    next();
+  },
+  (req, res) => {
+    res.send('Hello from D!');
+  }
+);
+```
+
+<h2 id="response-methods">Response methods</h2>
+
+The methods on the response object (`res`) in the following table can send a response to the client, and terminate the request-response cycle. If none of these methods are called from a route handler, the client request will be left hanging.
+
+| Method                                           | Description                                                                           |
+| ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [res.download()](/api/response/res-download)     | Prompt a file to be downloaded.                                                       |
+| [res.end()](/api/response/res-end)               | End the response process.                                                             |
+| [res.json()](/api/response/res-json)             | Send a JSON response.                                                                 |
+| [res.jsonp()](/api/response/res-jsonp)           | Send a JSON response with JSONP support.                                              |
+| [res.redirect()](/api/response/res-redirect)     | Redirect a request.                                                                   |
+| [res.render()](/api/response/res-render)         | Render a view template.                                                               |
+| [res.send()](/api/response/res-send)             | Send a response of various types.                                                     |
+| [res.sendFile()](/api/response/res-sendFile)     | Send a file as an octet stream.                                                       |
+| [res.sendStatus()](/api/response/res-sendStatus) | Set the response status code and send its string representation as the response body. |
+
+<h2 id="app-route">app.route()</h2>
+
+You can create chainable route handlers for a route path by using `app.route()`.
+Because the path is specified at a single location, creating modular routes is helpful, as is reducing redundancy and typos. For more information about routes, see: [Router() documentation](/api.html#router).
+
+Here is an example of chained route handlers that are defined by using `app.route()`.
+
+```js
+app
+  .route('/book')
+  .get((req, res) => {
+    res.send('Get a random book');
+  })
+  .post((req, res) => {
+    res.send('Add a book');
+  })
+  .put((req, res) => {
+    res.send('Update the book');
+  });
+```
+
+<h2 id="express-router">express.Router</h2>
+
+Use the `express.Router` class to create modular, mountable route handlers. A `Router` instance is a complete middleware and routing system; for this reason, it is often referred to as a "mini-app".
+
+The following example creates a router as a module, loads a middleware function in it, defines some routes, and mounts the router module on a path in the main app.
+
+Create a router file named `birds.js` in the app directory, with the following content:
+
+```js
+const express = require('express');
+const router = express.Router();
+
+// middleware that is specific to this router
+const timeLog = (req, res, next) => {
+  console.log('Time: ', Date.now());
+  next();
+};
+router.use(timeLog);
+
+// define the home page route
+router.get('/', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('Birds home page');
+});
+// define the about route
+router.get('/about', (req, res) => {
+  res.send('About birds');
+});
+
+module.exports = router;
+```
+
+Then, load the router module in the app:
+
+```js
+const birds = require('./birds');
+
+// ...
+
+app.use('/birds', birds);
+```
+
+The app will now be able to handle requests to `/birds` and `/birds/about`, as well as call the `timeLog` middleware function that is specific to the route.
+
+But if the parent route `/birds` has path parameters, it will not be accessible by default from the sub-routes. To make it accessible, you will need to pass the `mergeParams` option to the Router constructor [reference](/api/application/app-use).
+
+```js
+const router = express.Router({ mergeParams: true });
+```
diff --git a/astro/src/utils/remark/rewrite-localized-links.mjs b/astro/src/utils/remark/rewrite-localized-links.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45feb851ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/astro/src/utils/remark/rewrite-localized-links.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+/**
+ * Remark plugin that rewrites selected internal links in Markdown/MDX content.
+ *
+ * Behavior summary:
+ * - Rewrites only absolute internal paths that match configured prefixes
+ *   (e.g. `/guide/...`, `/starter/...`, `/api/...`).
+ * - Adds language segment from file path context.
+ * - Adds docs version segment for configured collections (by default: `docs`).
+ * - Preserves query string and hash fragments.
+ * - Skips already-localized paths (e.g. `/en/...`).
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {Object} RewriteContext
+ * @property {'docs'|'resources'|undefined} collection Collection inferred from source path.
+ * @property {string} lang Language inferred from source path or fallback.
+ * @property {string|undefined} version Version inferred from source path when applicable.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {Object} RemarkRewriteLocalizedLinksOptions
+ * @property {string[]} [prefixes=['guide']] Root path segments that should be rewritten.
+ * @property {string} [defaultLang='en'] Language fallback when source path is not parseable.
+ * @property {string} [defaultVersion='5x'] Version fallback for docs pages without explicit version segment.
+ * @property {string[]} [versionedCollections=['docs']] Collections that should include version in rewritten links.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Validates whether a path segment matches version format (e.g. `5x`, `4x`).
+ * @param {string} value
+ */
+function isVersionSegment(value) {
+  return /^\d+x$/.test(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Splits URL into pathname and suffix (`?query#hash`).
+ * @param {string} url
+ */
+function splitPathAndSuffix(url) {
+  const match = url.match(/^([^?#]*)(.*)$/);
+  if (!match) {
+    return { pathname: url, suffix: '' };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    pathname: match[1],
+    suffix: match[2] || '',
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether pathname already starts with language code (e.g. `/en/...`, `/pt-br/...`).
+ * @param {string} pathname
+ */
+function hasLanguagePrefix(pathname) {
+  return /^\/[a-z]{2}(?:-[a-z]{2})?(?:\/|$)/i.test(pathname);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds trailing slash for non-file paths.
+ * @param {string} pathname
+ */
+function ensureTrailingSlash(pathname) {
+  if (pathname.endsWith('/')) {
+    return pathname;
+  }
+
+  if (/\.[a-z\d]+$/i.test(pathname)) {
+    return pathname;
+  }
+
+  return `${pathname}/`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Derives collection/lang/version from the Markdown source file path.
+ *
+ * Expected path examples:
+ * - `/.../src/content/docs/en/5x/guide/routing.md`
+ * - `/.../src/content/resources/en/contributing.md`
+ *
+ * @param {string|undefined} filePath
+ * @param {string} defaultLang
+ * @param {string} defaultVersion
+ * @returns {RewriteContext}
+ */
+function deriveContextFromFile(filePath, defaultLang, defaultVersion) {
+  const normalizedPath = (filePath || '').replaceAll('\\', '/');
+
+  const docsMarker = '/src/content/docs/';
+  const resourcesMarker = '/src/content/resources/';
+
+  if (normalizedPath.includes(docsMarker)) {
+    const relativePath = normalizedPath.split(docsMarker)[1] || '';
+    const segments = relativePath.split('/').filter(Boolean);
+
+    const lang = segments[0] || defaultLang;
+    const version = isVersionSegment(segments[1]) ? segments[1] : defaultVersion;
+
+    return {
+      collection: 'docs',
+      lang,
+      version,
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (normalizedPath.includes(resourcesMarker)) {
+    const relativePath = normalizedPath.split(resourcesMarker)[1] || '';
+    const segments = relativePath.split('/').filter(Boolean);
+
+    return {
+      collection: 'resources',
+      lang: segments[0] || defaultLang,
+      version: undefined,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    collection: undefined,
+    lang: defaultLang,
+    version: defaultVersion,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether a pathname should be rewritten according to configured prefixes.
+ * @param {string} pathname
+ * @param {Set<string>} prefixesSet
+ */
+function shouldRewritePath(pathname, prefixesSet) {
+  if (!pathname.startsWith('/')) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const normalized = pathname.replace(/^\/+/, '').replace(/\/+$/, '');
+  const [firstSegment] = normalized.split('/');
+
+  return prefixesSet.has(firstSegment);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds the final localized/versioned pathname.
+ * @param {string} pathname
+ * @param {RewriteContext} context
+ * @param {Set<string>} versionedCollections
+ */
+function rewritePath(pathname, context, versionedCollections) {
+  const cleanTarget = pathname.replace(/^\/+/, '').replace(/\/+$/, '');
+  const segments = [context.lang];
+
+  if (context.collection && versionedCollections.has(context.collection) && context.version) {
+    segments.push(context.version);
+  }
+
+  segments.push(cleanTarget);
+
+  const rewritten = `/${segments.join('/')}`.replace(/\/+/g, '/');
+  return ensureTrailingSlash(rewritten);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rewrites a URL when it matches plugin rules, otherwise returns original value.
+ * @param {string} url
+ * @param {RewriteContext} context
+ * @param {Set<string>} prefixesSet
+ * @param {Set<string>} versionedCollections
+ */
+function rewriteUrl(url, context, prefixesSet, versionedCollections) {
+  if (typeof url !== 'string' || !url) {
+    return url;
+  }
+
+  const { pathname, suffix } = splitPathAndSuffix(url);
+
+  if (!pathname || pathname === '/' || pathname.startsWith('#')) {
+    return url;
+  }
+
+  if (hasLanguagePrefix(pathname)) {
+    return url;
+  }
+
+  if (!shouldRewritePath(pathname, prefixesSet)) {
+    return url;
+  }
+
+  const rewrittenPath = rewritePath(pathname, context, versionedCollections);
+  return `${rewrittenPath}${suffix}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generic depth-first AST traversal utility.
+ * @param {any} node
+ * @param {(node: any) => void} visitor
+ */
+function walkTree(node, visitor) {
+  if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  visitor(node);
+
+  if (Array.isArray(node.children)) {
+    for (const child of node.children) {
+      walkTree(child, visitor);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remark plugin factory.
+ *
+ * @param {RemarkRewriteLocalizedLinksOptions} [options]
+ */
+export default function remarkRewriteLocalizedLinks(options = {}) {
+  const {
+    prefixes = ['guide'],
+    defaultLang = 'en',
+    defaultVersion = '5x',
+    versionedCollections = ['docs'],
+  } = options;
+
+  const prefixesSet = new Set(prefixes);
+  const versionedCollectionsSet = new Set(versionedCollections);
+
+  return (tree, file) => {
+    const context = deriveContextFromFile(file?.path, defaultLang, defaultVersion);
+
+    walkTree(tree, (node) => {
+      if (node.type === 'link' || node.type === 'definition') {
+        node.url = rewriteUrl(node.url, context, prefixesSet, versionedCollectionsSet);
+      }
+    });
+  };
+}