diff --git a/src/apm_cli/commands/compile/cli.py b/src/apm_cli/commands/compile/cli.py
index 1b559eef..400fa8f8 100644
--- a/src/apm_cli/commands/compile/cli.py
+++ b/src/apm_cli/commands/compile/cli.py
@@ -400,8 +400,9 @@ def compile(
             config_target=compile_config_target,
         )
 
-        # Map 'minimal' to 'vscode' for the compiler (AGENTS.md only, no folder integration)
-        effective_target = detected_target if detected_target != "minimal" else "vscode"
+        # Keep the detected target intact so the compiler can preserve
+        # minimal-mode semantics (AGENTS.md only, no .github side outputs).
+        effective_target = detected_target
 
         # Build config with distributed compilation flags (Task 7)
         config = CompilationConfig.from_apm_yml(
diff --git a/src/apm_cli/compilation/agents_compiler.py b/src/apm_cli/compilation/agents_compiler.py
index 7dd7d433..953f9c78 100644
--- a/src/apm_cli/compilation/agents_compiler.py
+++ b/src/apm_cli/compilation/agents_compiler.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 primitives & constitution are unchanged.
 """
 
+import hashlib
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import List, Optional, Dict, Any
@@ -20,7 +21,13 @@
 )
 from .link_resolver import resolve_markdown_links, validate_link_targets
 from ..utils.paths import portable_relpath
-from ..core.target_detection import should_compile_agents_md, should_compile_claude_md, should_compile_gemini_md
+from ..core.target_detection import (
+    should_compile_agents_md,
+    should_compile_claude_md,
+    should_compile_copilot_instructions_md,
+    should_compile_gemini_md,
+)
+from .constants import BUILD_ID_PLACEHOLDER
 
 
 # User-facing target aliases that map to the canonical "vscode" target.
@@ -29,6 +36,7 @@
 _KNOWN_TARGETS = (
     "vscode", "claude", "cursor", "opencode", "codex", "gemini", "all", "minimal",
 ) + _VSCODE_TARGET_ALIASES
+_COPILOT_ROOT_GENERATED_MARKER = "<!-- Generated by APM CLI from .apm/ primitives -->"
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -279,10 +287,12 @@ def _compile_agents_md(self, config: CompilationConfig, primitives: PrimitiveCol
         """
         # Handle distributed compilation (Task 7 - new default behavior)
         if config.strategy == "distributed" and not config.single_agents:
-            return self._compile_distributed(config, primitives)
+            result = self._compile_distributed(config, primitives)
         else:
             # Traditional single-file compilation (backward compatibility)
-            return self._compile_single_file(config, primitives)
+            result = self._compile_single_file(config, primitives)
+
+        return self._maybe_emit_copilot_root_instructions(config, primitives, result)
     
     def _compile_distributed(self, config: CompilationConfig, primitives: PrimitiveCollection) -> CompilationResult:
         """Compile using distributed AGENTS.md approach (Task 7).
@@ -801,6 +811,152 @@ def _generate_template_data(self, primitives: PrimitiveCollection, config: Compi
             version=version,
             chatmode_content=chatmode_content
         )
+
+    def _maybe_emit_copilot_root_instructions(
+        self,
+        config: CompilationConfig,
+        primitives: PrimitiveCollection,
+        result: CompilationResult,
+    ) -> CompilationResult:
+        """Generate .github/copilot-instructions.md for Copilot-capable targets."""
+        routing_target = "vscode" if config.target in _VSCODE_TARGET_ALIASES else config.target
+        output_path = self.base_dir / ".github" / "copilot-instructions.md"
+        if not should_compile_copilot_instructions_md(routing_target):
+            if not config.dry_run:
+                self._cleanup_copilot_root_instructions(output_path, result)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_generated", 0)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_written", 0)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_unchanged", 0)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_removed", 0)
+            return result
+
+        global_instructions = sorted(
+            [instruction for instruction in primitives.instructions if not instruction.apply_to],
+            key=lambda instruction: portable_relpath(instruction.file_path, self.base_dir),
+        )
+        if not global_instructions:
+            if not config.dry_run:
+                self._cleanup_copilot_root_instructions(output_path, result)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_generated", 0)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_written", 0)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_unchanged", 0)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_removed", 0)
+            return result
+
+        content = self._generate_copilot_root_instructions_content(global_instructions, config)
+
+        result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_generated"] = 1
+        result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_removed", 0)
+
+        if config.dry_run:
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_written", 0)
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_unchanged", 0)
+            return result
+
+        from ..security.gate import WARN_POLICY, SecurityGate
+
+        verdict = SecurityGate.scan_text(
+            content, str(output_path), policy=WARN_POLICY
+        )
+        actionable = verdict.critical_count + verdict.warning_count
+        if actionable:
+            if verdict.has_critical:
+                result.has_critical_security = True
+            result.warnings.append(
+                f"copilot-instructions.md contains {actionable} hidden character(s) "
+                f"-- run 'apm audit --file {output_path}' to inspect"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            output_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            existing = output_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8") if output_path.exists() else None
+            if existing == content:
+                result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_written"] = 0
+                result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_unchanged"] = 1
+                return result
+
+            output_path.write_text(content, encoding="utf-8")
+            result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_written"] = 1
+            result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_unchanged"] = 0
+            return result
+        except OSError as exc:
+            message = f"Failed to write {output_path}: {exc}"
+            self.errors.append(message)
+            result.errors.append(message)
+            result.success = False
+            result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_written"] = 0
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_unchanged", 0)
+            return result
+
+    def _generate_copilot_root_instructions_content(
+        self,
+        instructions,
+        config: CompilationConfig,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Generate root Copilot instructions content from global instruction primitives."""
+        sections = [
+            _COPILOT_ROOT_GENERATED_MARKER,
+            BUILD_ID_PLACEHOLDER,
+            f"<!-- APM Version: {get_version()} -->",
+            "",
+        ]
+
+        for instruction in instructions:
+            rel_path = portable_relpath(instruction.file_path, self.base_dir)
+            sections.append(f"<!-- Source: {rel_path} -->")
+            sections.append(instruction.content.strip())
+            sections.append(f"<!-- End source: {rel_path} -->")
+            sections.append("")
+
+        sections.append("---")
+        sections.append("*This file was generated by APM CLI. Do not edit manually.*")
+        sections.append("*To regenerate: `specify apm compile`*")
+        sections.append("")
+
+        content = "\n".join(sections)
+        if config.resolve_links:
+            content = resolve_markdown_links(content, self.base_dir)
+        return self._finalize_build_id(content)
+
+    def _finalize_build_id(self, content: str) -> str:
+        """Replace the build-id placeholder with a deterministic content hash."""
+        lines = content.splitlines()
+        try:
+            idx = lines.index(BUILD_ID_PLACEHOLDER)
+        except ValueError:
+            return content
+
+        hash_input_lines = [line for i, line in enumerate(lines) if i != idx]
+        build_id = hashlib.sha256("\n".join(hash_input_lines).encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()[:12]
+        lines[idx] = f"<!-- Build ID: {build_id} -->"
+        return "\n".join(lines) + ("\n" if content.endswith("\n") else "")
+
+    def _cleanup_copilot_root_instructions(
+        self,
+        output_path: Path,
+        result: CompilationResult,
+    ) -> CompilationResult:
+        """Remove stale generated Copilot root instructions when no longer applicable."""
+        if not output_path.exists():
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_removed", 0)
+            return result
+
+        try:
+            existing = output_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+            if _COPILOT_ROOT_GENERATED_MARKER not in existing:
+                result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_removed", 0)
+                return result
+
+            output_path.unlink()
+            result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_removed"] = 1
+            return result
+        except OSError as exc:
+            message = f"Failed to remove stale {output_path}: {exc}"
+            self.errors.append(message)
+            result.errors.append(message)
+            result.success = False
+            result.stats.setdefault("copilot_root_instructions_removed", 0)
+            return result
     
     def _write_output_file(self, output_path: str, content: str) -> None:
         """Write the generated content to the output file.
@@ -999,4 +1155,4 @@ def compile_agents_md(
     if not result.success:
         raise RuntimeError(f"Compilation failed: {'; '.join(result.errors)}")
     
-    return result.content
\ No newline at end of file
+    return result.content
diff --git a/src/apm_cli/core/target_detection.py b/src/apm_cli/core/target_detection.py
index 7f1b12cd..87d8246f 100644
--- a/src/apm_cli/core/target_detection.py
+++ b/src/apm_cli/core/target_detection.py
@@ -162,6 +162,18 @@ def should_compile_gemini_md(target: TargetType) -> bool:
     return target in ("gemini", "all")
 
 
+def should_compile_copilot_instructions_md(target: TargetType) -> bool:
+    """Check if .github/copilot-instructions.md should be compiled.
+
+    Args:
+        target: The detected or configured target
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if Copilot root instructions should be generated
+    """
+    return target in ("vscode", "all")
+
+
 def get_target_description(target: UserTargetType) -> str:
     """Get a human-readable description of what will be generated for a target.
     
@@ -176,14 +188,14 @@ def get_target_description(target: UserTargetType) -> str:
     # Normalize aliases to internal value for lookup
     normalized = "vscode" if target in ("copilot", "agents") else target
     descriptions = {
-        "vscode": "AGENTS.md + .github/prompts/ + .github/agents/",
+        "vscode": "AGENTS.md + .github/copilot-instructions.md + .github/prompts/ + .github/agents/",
         "claude": "CLAUDE.md + .claude/commands/ + .claude/agents/ + .claude/skills/",
         "cursor": ".cursor/agents/ + .cursor/skills/ + .cursor/rules/",
         "opencode": "AGENTS.md + .opencode/agents/ + .opencode/commands/ + .opencode/skills/",
         "codex": "AGENTS.md + .agents/skills/ + .codex/agents/ + .codex/hooks.json",
         "gemini": "GEMINI.md + .gemini/commands/ + .gemini/skills/ + .gemini/settings.json (MCP/hooks)",
-        "all": "AGENTS.md + CLAUDE.md + GEMINI.md + .github/ + .claude/ + .cursor/ + .opencode/ + .codex/ + .gemini/ + .agents/",
-        "minimal": "AGENTS.md only (create a target folder for full integration)",
+        "all": "AGENTS.md + CLAUDE.md + GEMINI.md + .github/copilot-instructions.md + .github/ + .claude/ + .cursor/ + .opencode/ + .codex/ + .gemini/ + .agents/",
+        "minimal": "AGENTS.md only (create .github/, .claude/, or .gemini/ for full integration)",
     }
     return descriptions.get(normalized, "unknown target")
 
diff --git a/src/apm_cli/integration/targets.py b/src/apm_cli/integration/targets.py
index 554b6c59..27a54731 100644
--- a/src/apm_cli/integration/targets.py
+++ b/src/apm_cli/integration/targets.py
@@ -84,6 +84,14 @@ class TargetProfile:
     target itself is partially supported (e.g. Copilot CLI cannot deploy
     prompts at user scope)."""
 
+    generated_files: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+    """Additional generated files associated with this target.
+
+    These are compile-time outputs that live at the target root but are not
+    deployed via primitive integrators, e.g. Copilot's root
+    ``copilot-instructions.md`` file.
+    """
+
     @property
     def prefix(self) -> str:
         """Return the path prefix for this target (e.g. ``".github/"``).
@@ -181,6 +189,7 @@ def for_scope(self, user_scope: bool = False) -> "TargetProfile | None":
         user_supported="partial",
         user_root_dir=".copilot",
         unsupported_user_primitives=("prompts", "instructions"),
+        generated_files=("copilot-instructions.md",),
     ),
     # Claude Code -- ~/.claude/ is the documented user-level config directory.
     # All primitives are supported at user scope.
diff --git a/tests/integration/test_compile_copilot_root_instructions.py b/tests/integration/test_compile_copilot_root_instructions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21e04618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/test_compile_copilot_root_instructions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+CLI = [sys.executable, "-m", "apm_cli.cli", "compile", "--target", "copilot", "--single-agents"]
+
+
+def run_cli(cwd: Path) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
+    return subprocess.run(CLI, cwd=str(cwd), capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+
+def test_compile_emits_copilot_root_instructions_and_is_idempotent(tmp_path: Path):
+    (tmp_path / "apm.yml").write_text("name: test-project\nversion: 0.1.0\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    instructions_dir = tmp_path / ".apm" / "instructions"
+    instructions_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+    (instructions_dir / "contributing.instructions.md").write_text(
+        "---\ndescription: Contributing guide\n---\n\n# Contributing\n\nRun focused tests first.\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    first = run_cli(tmp_path)
+    assert first.returncode == 0, first.stderr or first.stdout
+
+    copilot_root = tmp_path / ".github" / "copilot-instructions.md"
+    assert copilot_root.exists()
+    first_content = copilot_root.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert "<!-- Build ID: " in first_content
+    assert "# Contributing" in first_content
+    assert "Run focused tests first." in first_content
+
+    second = run_cli(tmp_path)
+    assert second.returncode == 0, second.stderr or second.stdout
+    second_content = copilot_root.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+    assert first_content == second_content
+
+
+def test_compile_removes_stale_root_file_when_only_scoped_rules_remain(tmp_path: Path):
+    (tmp_path / "apm.yml").write_text("name: test-project\nversion: 0.1.0\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    instructions_dir = tmp_path / ".apm" / "instructions"
+    instructions_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+    instruction_file = instructions_dir / "contributing.instructions.md"
+
+    instruction_file.write_text(
+        "---\ndescription: Contributing guide\n---\n\n# Contributing\n\nRun focused tests first.\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    first = run_cli(tmp_path)
+    assert first.returncode == 0, first.stderr or first.stdout
+
+    copilot_root = tmp_path / ".github" / "copilot-instructions.md"
+    assert copilot_root.exists()
+
+    instruction_file.write_text(
+        "---\napplyTo: \"**/*.py\"\ndescription: Python guide\n---\n\nUse type hints.\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    second = run_cli(tmp_path)
+    assert second.returncode == 0, second.stderr or second.stdout
+
+    assert not copilot_root.exists()
diff --git a/tests/unit/compilation/test_compile_target_flag.py b/tests/unit/compilation/test_compile_target_flag.py
index dfa89cbe..c993e6e1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/compilation/test_compile_target_flag.py
+++ b/tests/unit/compilation/test_compile_target_flag.py
@@ -231,6 +231,166 @@ def test_target_minimal_generates_agents_md(self, temp_project, sample_primitive
         assert result.success
         assert "AGENTS.md" in result.output_path
 
+    def test_target_vscode_writes_copilot_root_instructions_from_global_rules(self, temp_project):
+        """Copilot compile should emit .github/copilot-instructions.md from global instructions."""
+        primitives = PrimitiveCollection()
+        primitives.add_primitive(
+            Instruction(
+                name="contributing",
+                file_path=temp_project / ".apm/instructions/contributing.instructions.md",
+                description="General contributing guidance",
+                apply_to="",
+                content="# Contributing\n\nRun focused tests first.",
+                author="test",
+                source="local",
+            )
+        )
+
+        compiler = AgentsCompiler(str(temp_project))
+        result = compiler.compile(
+            CompilationConfig(target="vscode", dry_run=False, single_agents=True),
+            primitives,
+        )
+
+        assert result.success
+        root_file = temp_project / ".github" / "copilot-instructions.md"
+        assert root_file.exists()
+        content = root_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        assert content.startswith("<!-- Generated by APM CLI")
+        assert "<!-- Build ID: " in content
+        assert "# Contributing" in content
+        assert "Run focused tests first." in content
+        assert result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_generated"] == 1
+
+    def test_target_minimal_does_not_write_copilot_root_instructions(self, temp_project):
+        """Minimal target must stay AGENTS-only even when global instructions exist."""
+        primitives = PrimitiveCollection()
+        primitives.add_primitive(
+            Instruction(
+                name="contributing",
+                file_path=temp_project / ".apm/instructions/contributing.instructions.md",
+                description="General contributing guidance",
+                apply_to="",
+                content="Always run lint.",
+                author="test",
+                source="local",
+            )
+        )
+
+        compiler = AgentsCompiler(str(temp_project))
+        result = compiler.compile(
+            CompilationConfig(target="minimal", dry_run=False, single_agents=True),
+            primitives,
+        )
+
+        assert result.success
+        assert not (temp_project / ".github" / "copilot-instructions.md").exists()
+
+    def test_target_minimal_removes_stale_generated_copilot_root_instructions(self, temp_project):
+        """Minimal compile should remove stale generated Copilot root instructions."""
+        primitives = PrimitiveCollection()
+        primitives.add_primitive(
+            Instruction(
+                name="contributing",
+                file_path=temp_project / ".apm/instructions/contributing.instructions.md",
+                description="General contributing guidance",
+                apply_to="",
+                content="Always run lint.",
+                author="test",
+                source="local",
+            )
+        )
+
+        compiler = AgentsCompiler(str(temp_project))
+        first = compiler.compile(
+            CompilationConfig(target="vscode", dry_run=False, single_agents=True),
+            primitives,
+        )
+        assert first.success
+        root_file = temp_project / ".github" / "copilot-instructions.md"
+        assert root_file.exists()
+
+        second = compiler.compile(
+            CompilationConfig(target="minimal", dry_run=False, single_agents=True),
+            primitives,
+        )
+        assert second.success
+        assert not root_file.exists()
+        assert second.stats["copilot_root_instructions_removed"] == 1
+
+    def test_scoped_only_rules_remove_stale_generated_copilot_root_instructions(self, temp_project):
+        """Scoped-only compile should clean stale generated root Copilot instructions."""
+        compiler = AgentsCompiler(str(temp_project))
+
+        global_primitives = PrimitiveCollection()
+        global_primitives.add_primitive(
+            Instruction(
+                name="contributing",
+                file_path=temp_project / ".apm/instructions/contributing.instructions.md",
+                description="General contributing guidance",
+                apply_to="",
+                content="Always run lint.",
+                author="test",
+                source="local",
+            )
+        )
+        first = compiler.compile(
+            CompilationConfig(target="vscode", dry_run=False, single_agents=True),
+            global_primitives,
+        )
+        assert first.success
+
+        scoped_primitives = PrimitiveCollection()
+        scoped_primitives.add_primitive(
+            Instruction(
+                name="python",
+                file_path=temp_project / ".apm/instructions/python.instructions.md",
+                description="Python guidance",
+                apply_to="**/*.py",
+                content="Use type hints.",
+                author="test",
+                source="local",
+            )
+        )
+        second = compiler.compile(
+            CompilationConfig(target="vscode", dry_run=False, single_agents=True),
+            scoped_primitives,
+        )
+
+        assert second.success
+        assert not (temp_project / ".github" / "copilot-instructions.md").exists()
+        assert second.stats["copilot_root_instructions_removed"] == 1
+
+    def test_cleanup_preserves_unmanaged_manual_copilot_root_instructions(self, temp_project):
+        """Cleanup should not delete a manual Copilot root instructions file."""
+        root_file = temp_project / ".github" / "copilot-instructions.md"
+        root_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+        root_file.write_text("Manual instructions\n", encoding="utf-8")
+
+        primitives = PrimitiveCollection()
+        primitives.add_primitive(
+            Instruction(
+                name="python",
+                file_path=temp_project / ".apm/instructions/python.instructions.md",
+                description="Python guidance",
+                apply_to="**/*.py",
+                content="Use type hints.",
+                author="test",
+                source="local",
+            )
+        )
+
+        compiler = AgentsCompiler(str(temp_project))
+        result = compiler.compile(
+            CompilationConfig(target="minimal", dry_run=False, single_agents=True),
+            primitives,
+        )
+
+        assert result.success
+        assert root_file.exists()
+        assert root_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8") == "Manual instructions\n"
+        assert result.stats["copilot_root_instructions_removed"] == 0
+
     def test_unknown_target_returns_failure(self, temp_project, sample_primitives):
         """Unknown target must fail explicitly instead of silently succeeding."""
         config = CompilationConfig(
diff --git a/tests/unit/core/test_target_detection.py b/tests/unit/core/test_target_detection.py
index f2527c07..edc450a7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/core/test_target_detection.py
+++ b/tests/unit/core/test_target_detection.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
     detect_target,
     should_compile_agents_md,
     should_compile_claude_md,
+    should_compile_copilot_instructions_md,
     should_compile_gemini_md,
     get_target_description,
     TargetParamType,
@@ -242,6 +243,22 @@ def test_minimal_target_returns_false(self):
         assert should_compile_gemini_md("minimal") is False
 
 
+class TestShouldCompileCopilotInstructionsMd:
+    """Tests for Copilot root instruction compilation routing."""
+
+    def test_vscode_target(self):
+        assert should_compile_copilot_instructions_md("vscode") is True
+
+    def test_all_target(self):
+        assert should_compile_copilot_instructions_md("all") is True
+
+    def test_minimal_target(self):
+        assert should_compile_copilot_instructions_md("minimal") is False
+
+    def test_claude_target(self):
+        assert should_compile_copilot_instructions_md("claude") is False
+
+
 class TestGetTargetDescription:
     """Tests for get_target_description function."""
 
@@ -249,12 +266,14 @@ def test_copilot_description(self):
         """Description for copilot target."""
         desc = get_target_description("copilot")
         assert "AGENTS.md" in desc
+        assert ".github/copilot-instructions.md" in desc
         assert ".github/" in desc
 
     def test_vscode_description(self):
         """Description for vscode target."""
         desc = get_target_description("vscode")
         assert "AGENTS.md" in desc
+        assert ".github/copilot-instructions.md" in desc
         assert ".github/" in desc
 
     def test_claude_description(self):
@@ -268,6 +287,7 @@ def test_all_description(self):
         desc = get_target_description("all")
         assert "AGENTS.md" in desc
         assert "CLAUDE.md" in desc
+        assert ".github/copilot-instructions.md" in desc
 
     def test_minimal_description(self):
         """Description for minimal target."""
diff --git a/tests/unit/integration/test_targets.py b/tests/unit/integration/test_targets.py
index 29b1b7fe..180ed9e8 100644
--- a/tests/unit/integration/test_targets.py
+++ b/tests/unit/integration/test_targets.py
@@ -206,3 +206,7 @@ def test_explicit_list_preserves_order(self):
     def test_explicit_list_codex_at_project_scope(self):
         targets = active_targets(self.root, explicit_target=["codex"])
         assert [t.name for t in targets] == ["codex"]
+
+    def test_copilot_profile_lists_root_generated_file(self):
+        profile = KNOWN_TARGETS["copilot"]
+        assert "copilot-instructions.md" in profile.generated_files