Update TypeScript from 4.8.4 to latest

[grantfitzsimmons]

We are currently using TypeScript 4.8.4 (released September 27, 2022), but the latest release is 5.9.3 (released October 1, 2025).

Discussed in #5780

^{Originally posted by maxpatiiuk April 19, 2023}

• Update to newest version of typescript and review changes (for breaking changes or interesting new features)
• Use new typescript features (i.e, satisfies keyword)
• Look for new useful tsconfig options
• Remove all usages of any. If absolutely necessary, consider using "unknown" instead. Can find implicit any's using type-coverage npm package
• Reduce usages of name?: type. Use name: type | undefined instead - where appropriate - this way you won't accidentally forget to provide an important attribute
• Rename RA<> to A<>. Create a type S<> for ReadonlySet<>. Create a type R<> for Readonly<> and the rest