[Python][Parquet] Reorganize Parquet reader docstrings

[KHARSHAVARDHAN-eng]

What

Deduplicate repeated Parquet reader docstring sections by extracting shared documentation fragments.

Why

Several common reader options are documented repeatedly across Parquet reader APIs. Centralizing these sections reduces duplication and makes future documentation updates easier to maintain.

Changes

• Centralized common Parquet reader option documentation.
• Separated dataset-specific options from common reader options.
• Reused the shared fragments across the relevant reader APIs.
• Preserved existing documentation content and behavior.

Validation

• git diff --check
• python3 -m py_compile python/pyarrow/parquet/core.py
• Focused runtime validation of the affected docstrings.

Fixes #51265

[github-actions]

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[github-actions]

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[KHARSHAVARDHAN-eng]

Hi maintainers, just a gentle follow-up on my earlier contributions.

I currently have three PRs that have been open since July and are still awaiting review:

• GH-50596: [C++] AppendScalar implementation uses polymorphism #50652 for [C++] AppendScalar implementation uses polymorphism #50596
• GH-50659: [C++][Dev] Implement ListView support in gdb_arrow.py #50661 for [C++][Dev] Implement ListView support in gdb_arrow.py #50659
• GH-50657: [C++][Dev] Implement BinaryView support in gdb_arrow.py #50662 for [C++][Dev] Implement BinaryView support in gdb_arrow.py #50657

I understand the project has a lot of PRs and limited review bandwidth. Whenever you have a chance, I’d really appreciate a review or any feedback on these contributions. I’m happy to make any changes needed.

Thanks for your time and for maintaining Apache Arrow!