API, Parquet: Map geometry and geography to Parquet logical types

[huan233usc]

Summary

Map Iceberg geometry and geography primitive types to and from Parquet's geometry / geography logical type annotations on a BINARY column, so the geo types survive a schema round-trip through ParquetSchemaUtil.convert in both directions.

• TypeToMessageType: emit geometry / geography as BINARY annotated with LogicalTypeAnnotation.geometryType / geographyType, passing the resolved CRS and edge-interpolation algorithm through directly. Iceberg and Parquet use the same algorithm names (SPHERICAL, VINCENTY, THOMAS, ANDOYER, KARNEY), so the algorithm is mapped by name.
• MessageTypeToType: read those annotations back into Types.GeometryType / Types.GeographyType. An unset crs / algorithm maps to the Iceberg default (the Parquet defaults are the same: OGC:CRS84 / SPHERICAL), and algorithm names are resolved with EdgeAlgorithm.fromName, the same conversion used when parsing geography type strings (Types.fromPrimitiveString).
• Types.GeographyType: treat an explicit default algorithm as equal to an omitted one, so the mapping above round-trips for plain geography and for files written by engines that omit default parameters. equals / hashCode / toString now use the resolved getters crs() / algorithm() (which already apply the defaults) instead of the raw nullable fields — CRS already resolved this way through its getter; this brings the algorithm in line. No public signature changes.

This is the first step of plumbing the geo value path through Parquet. It is intentionally schema mapping only — the generic value read/write path (BaseParquetReaders / BaseParquetWriter) and the ParquetMetrics guard for geo columns are separate follow-ups, so this PR stays small and easy to review. It is purely additive: no behavior changes for non-geo types.

This is 1/N for #16650

Test plan

• TestParquetSchemaUtil#testGeospatialTypeRoundTrip round-trips a schema with default-CRS geometry, an explicit-CRS geometry, default geography, and a geography per edge algorithm (all five, so the by-name mapping is exercised for every constant in both directions) through ParquetSchemaUtil.convert.
• TestParquetSchemaUtil#testGeospatialAnnotationsWithOmittedParameters reads hand-built MessageTypes with unset / explicit / explicit-default CRS and algorithm — covering files written by engines that omit defaults — and confirms each maps to the expected Iceberg type.
• TestTypes#testGeospatialTypeDefaultNormalization covers equals() / hashCode() parity for the default-CRS and default-algorithm geography forms, that algorithm() still reports SPHERICAL, and that a non-default algorithm stays distinct; testGeospatialTypeToString extended for the explicit-default rendering.
• ./gradlew :iceberg-api:check :iceberg-parquet:check — clean (tests, checkstyle, revapi, spotless).
• ./gradlew :iceberg-core:test — full core suite green; no regressions in TestSchemaParser / TestSingleValueParser / TestGeospatialTable or anywhere geography types are serialized.

[huan233usc]

Hi @szehon-ho , can you help reviewing when you have a chance? Thank you very much!