PHOENIX-7799 Coalesce splits by region server to avoid hotspotting from concurrent mappers

phoenix-core-client/pom.xml

@@ -253,7 +253,6 @@
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.bouncycastle</groupId>
       <artifactId>bcprov-jdk18on</artifactId>
-      <version>1.79</version>
     </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 

phoenix-core-server/pom.xml

@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.bouncycastle</groupId>
       <artifactId>bcprov-jdk18on</artifactId>
-      <version>1.79</version>
     </dependency>
   </dependencies>
   <build>

phoenix-core-server/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/mapreduce/PhoenixInputSplit.java

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 public class PhoenixInputSplit extends InputSplit implements Writable {
 
   private List<Scan> scans;
-  private KeyRange keyRange;
+  private List<KeyRange> keyRanges;
   private String regionLocation = null;
   private long splitSize = 0;
 
@@ -68,13 +68,43 @@ public List<Scan> getScans() {
     return scans;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Returns the overall KeyRange spanning this split. For coalesced splits, spans from the first
+   * region's lower bound to the last region's upper bound. Computed on-demand from keyRanges.
+   * @return KeyRange spanning the entire split, or null if keyRanges is empty
+   */
   public KeyRange getKeyRange() {
-    return keyRange;
+    if (keyRanges == null || keyRanges.isEmpty()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return KeyRange.getKeyRange(keyRanges.get(0).getLowerRange(),
+      keyRanges.get(keyRanges.size() - 1).getUpperRange());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns all KeyRanges for this split. For coalesced splits, returns multiple KeyRanges (one per
+   * region). For non-coalesced splits, returns a single-element list.
+   * @return List of KeyRanges, never null
+   */
+  public List<KeyRange> getKeyRanges() {
+    return keyRanges;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if this split is coalesced (contains multiple regions).
+   * @return true if split contains multiple regions
+   */
+  public boolean isCoalesced() {
+    return keyRanges.size() > 1;
   }
 
   private void init() {
-    this.keyRange =
-      KeyRange.getKeyRange(scans.get(0).getStartRow(), scans.get(scans.size() - 1).getStopRow());
+    // Initialize keyRanges from scans
+    this.keyRanges = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(scans.size());
+    for (Scan scan : scans) {
+      KeyRange kr = KeyRange.getKeyRange(scan.getStartRow(), scan.getStopRow());
+      this.keyRanges.add(kr);
+    }
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -126,7 +156,8 @@ public String[] getLocations() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
   public int hashCode() {
     final int prime = 31;
     int result = 1;
-    result = prime * result + keyRange.hashCode();
+    KeyRange range = getKeyRange();
+    result = prime * result + (range == null ? 0 : range.hashCode());
     return result;
   }
 
@@ -142,11 +173,13 @@ public boolean equals(Object obj) {
       return false;
     }
     PhoenixInputSplit other = (PhoenixInputSplit) obj;
-    if (keyRange == null) {
-      if (other.keyRange != null) {
+    KeyRange thisRange = getKeyRange();
+    KeyRange otherRange = other.getKeyRange();
+    if (thisRange == null) {
+      if (otherRange != null) {
         return false;
       }
-    } else if (!keyRange.equals(other.keyRange)) {
+    } else if (!thisRange.equals(otherRange)) {
       return false;
     }
     return true;

phoenix-core-server/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/mapreduce/PhoenixSyncTableInputFormat.java

@@ -21,18 +21,24 @@
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.SQLException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
 import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HRegionLocation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
 import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.JobContext;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.db.DBWritable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
 import org.apache.phoenix.mapreduce.util.ConnectionUtil;
 import org.apache.phoenix.mapreduce.util.PhoenixConfigurationUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.ConnectionQueryServices;
 import org.apache.phoenix.query.KeyRange;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
@@ -94,15 +100,31 @@ public List<InputSplit> getSplits(JobContext context) throws IOException, Interr
     } catch (SQLException e) {
       throw new RuntimeException(e);
     }
-    if (completedRegions.isEmpty()) {
-      LOGGER.info("No completed regions for table {} - processing all {} splits", tableName,
-        allSplits.size());
-      return allSplits;
-    }
 
     List<InputSplit> unprocessedSplits = filterCompletedSplits(allSplits, completedRegions);
     LOGGER.info("Found {} completed mapper regions for table {}, {} unprocessed splits remaining",
       completedRegions.size(), tableName, unprocessedSplits.size());
+
+    boolean enableSplitCoalescing =
+      conf.getBoolean(PhoenixSyncTableTool.PHOENIX_SYNC_TABLE_SPLIT_COALESCING,
+        PhoenixSyncTableTool.DEFAULT_PHOENIX_SYNC_TABLE_SPLIT_COALESCING);
+    LOGGER.info("Split coalescing enabled: {}, for table {}", enableSplitCoalescing, tableName);
+
+    if (enableSplitCoalescing && unprocessedSplits.size() > 1) {
+      try (Connection conn = ConnectionUtil.getInputConnection(conf)) {
+        PhoenixConnection pConn = conn.unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+        byte[] physicalTableName = pConn.getTable(tableName).getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+        List<InputSplit> coalescedSplits =
+          coalesceSplits(unprocessedSplits, pConn.getQueryServices(), physicalTableName);
+        LOGGER.info("Split coalescing: {} unprocessed splits {} coalesced splits for table {}",
+          unprocessedSplits.size(), coalescedSplits.size(), tableName);
+        return coalescedSplits;
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        throw new IOException(String.format("Failed to coalesce splits for table %s. "
+          + "Split coalescing is enabled but failed due to: %s.", tableName, e.getMessage()), e);
+      }
+    }
+
     return unprocessedSplits;
   }
 
@@ -133,6 +155,9 @@ private List<KeyRange> queryCompletedMapperRegions(Configuration conf, String ta
    */
   List<InputSplit> filterCompletedSplits(List<InputSplit> allSplits,
     List<KeyRange> completedRegions) {
+    if (completedRegions.isEmpty()) {
+      return allSplits;
+    }
     allSplits.sort((s1, s2) -> {
       PhoenixInputSplit ps1 = (PhoenixInputSplit) s1;
       PhoenixInputSplit ps2 = (PhoenixInputSplit) s2;
@@ -211,4 +236,97 @@ List<InputSplit> filterCompletedSplits(List<InputSplit> allSplits,
     }
     return unprocessedSplits;
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Coalesces multiple region splits from the same RegionServer into single InputSplits. All
+   * regions from the same server are coalesced into one split, regardless of count or size. This
+   * reduces mapper count and avoids hot spotting when many concurrent mappers hit the same server.
+   * @param unprocessedSplits Splits remaining after filtering completed regions
+   * @param queryServices     ConnectionQueryServices for querying region locations
+   * @param physicalTableName Physical HBase table name
+   * @return Coalesced splits with all regions per server combined into one split
+   */
+  List<InputSplit> coalesceSplits(List<InputSplit> unprocessedSplits,
+    ConnectionQueryServices queryServices, byte[] physicalTableName)
+    throws IOException, InterruptedException, SQLException {
+    // Group splits by RegionServer location
+    Map<String, List<PhoenixInputSplit>> splitsByServer =
+      groupSplitsByServer(unprocessedSplits, queryServices, physicalTableName);
+
+    List<InputSplit> coalescedSplits = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    // For each RegionServer, create one coalesced split with ALL regions from that server
+    for (Map.Entry<String, List<PhoenixInputSplit>> entry : splitsByServer.entrySet()) {
+      String serverName = entry.getKey();
+      List<PhoenixInputSplit> serverSplits = entry.getValue();
+
+      // Sort splits by start key for sequential processing
+      serverSplits.sort((s1, s2) -> Bytes.compareTo(s1.getKeyRange().getLowerRange(),
+        s2.getKeyRange().getLowerRange()));
+      // Create single coalesced split with ALL regions from this server
+      coalescedSplits.add(createCoalescedSplit(serverSplits, serverName));
+    }
+
+    return coalescedSplits;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Groups splits by RegionServer location for locality-aware coalescing. Uses
+   * ConnectionQueryServices to determine which server hosts each region.
+   * @param splits            List of splits to group
+   * @param queryServices     ConnectionQueryServices for querying region locations
+   * @param physicalTableName Physical HBase table name
+   * @return Map of server name to list of splits hosted on that server
+   */
+  private Map<String, List<PhoenixInputSplit>> groupSplitsByServer(List<InputSplit> splits,
+    ConnectionQueryServices queryServices, byte[] physicalTableName)
+    throws IOException, SQLException {
+    Map<String, List<PhoenixInputSplit>> splitsByServer = new HashMap<>();
+    for (InputSplit split : splits) {
+      PhoenixInputSplit pSplit = (PhoenixInputSplit) split;
+      KeyRange keyRange = pSplit.getKeyRange();
+      HRegionLocation regionLocation =
+        queryServices.getTableRegionLocation(physicalTableName, keyRange.getLowerRange());
+      if (regionLocation == null) {
+        throw new IOException("Could not determine region location for key: "
+          + Bytes.toStringBinary(keyRange.getLowerRange()));
+      }
+      if (regionLocation.getServerName() == null) {
+        throw new IOException("Could not determine server name for region at key: "
+          + Bytes.toStringBinary(keyRange.getLowerRange()));
+      }
+      String serverName = regionLocation.getServerName().getAddress().toString();
+      splitsByServer.computeIfAbsent(serverName, k -> new ArrayList<>()).add(pSplit);
+      if (LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+        LOGGER.debug("Split {} assigned to server {}",
+          Bytes.toStringBinary(keyRange.getLowerRange()), serverName);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return splitsByServer;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a coalesced PhoenixInputSplit containing multiple regions. Combines scans and KeyRanges
+   * from individual splits into a single split.
+   * @param splits         List of splits to coalesce (from same RegionServer)
+   * @param serverLocation RegionServer location for data locality
+   * @return Coalesced PhoenixInputSplit
+   */
+  private PhoenixInputSplit createCoalescedSplit(List<PhoenixInputSplit> splits,
+    String serverLocation) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+    List<Scan> allScans = new ArrayList<>();
+    long totalSize = 0;
+    // Extract all scans from individual splits
+    for (PhoenixInputSplit split : splits) {
+      allScans.addAll(split.getScans());
+      totalSize += split.getLength();
+    }
+
+    LOGGER.info("Created coalesced split with {} regions, {} MB from server {}", splits.size(),
+      totalSize / (1024 * 1024), serverLocation);
+    // Create a new PhoenixInputSplit, keyRanges will be derived from scans in init()
+    return new PhoenixInputSplit(allScans, totalSize, serverLocation);
+  }
 }