Upgrade to go1.25.9

[meiji163]

Upgrade go version 1.23.0 -> 1.25.9.

Also fix Dockerfile.test to run unit tests (no integration tests)

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR aims to upgrade the repository’s Go toolchain from 1.23.0 to 1.25.9 across local tooling and containerized workflows.

Changes:

• Bumps the preferred Go version and associated checksums in script/ensure-go-installed.
• Updates test/build scripts and Docker test invocation to support go test flags (notably -short).
• Skips several test suites when running in testing.Short() mode.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
script/test	Runs gofmt with consistent args, scopes diff check to go/, forwards CLI args to go test.
script/ensure-go-installed	Updates preferred Go version/checksums; adjusts macOS install extraction step.
go/logic/streamer_test.go	Skips suite in short mode.
go/logic/migrator_test.go	Skips suite in short mode.
go/logic/applier_test.go	Skips suite in short mode.
Dockerfile.test	Updates base Go image and runs tests in short mode by default.
Dockerfile.packaging	Updates base Go image for packaging builds.

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• Files reviewed: 7/7 changed files
• Comments generated: 5